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Electrical Circuits(23)Signals and Systems(22)Analog and Digital Electronics(23)Measurements and Control Systems(14)Sensors and Bioinstrumentation(27)Human Anatomy and Physiology(36)Medical Imaging Systems(34)Biomechanics(24)Biomaterials(25)

Electrical Circuits

23 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q1

MCQ[1 Mark]

The circuit given below is initially in steady-state with the switch S open. Immediately after the switch S is closed, the voltage $V_A$ is _______ volts.

(A)

0

(B)

10

(C)

5

(D)

-10

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q2

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following options is the Thevenin voltage (in volts) across the resistor $R_{\text{Load}}$ in the circuit given below?

(A)

7.5

(B)

5.0

(C)

15.0

(D)

10.0

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q3

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following represents the frequency response of a notch filter?

(A)

A

(B)

B

(C)

C

(D)

D

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q4

MCQ[2 Marks]

A voltage source $V_s = 5\sin\left(100t + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\text{ volts}$ is driving a current $I = 10\sin\left(100t + \frac{\pi}{6}\right)\text{ mA}$ through a circuit. The average power dissipated in the circuit is ________ $\text{mW}$.

(A)

0.0

(B)

12.5

(C)

25.0

(D)

50.0

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q5

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit shown below, $V_{\text{in}} = 10\cos(1000t)\text{ volts}$. The magnitude of the input impedance of the circuit is ________ $\text{k}\Omega$. (rounded off to one decimal place)

(A)

5.0

(B)

3.5

(C)

6.0

(D)

4.5

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q6

NAT[2 Marks]

For the RLC circuit shown below, the root mean square current ($I_{\text{rms}}$) at the resonance frequency is ________ amperes. (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q7

MCQ[1 Mark]

The Bode plot of a $2^{\text{nd}}$ order low pass filter is shown in the figure below. What is the frequency at which the attenuation is $80\text{ dB}$?

(A)

10 kHz

(B)

10 MHz

(C)

100 kHz

(D)

100 MHz

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q8

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit below, what is the value of $I_L$ to transfer the maximum power to load?

(A)

3 A

(B)

6 A

(C)

4 A

(D)

2 A

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q9

NAT[2 Marks]

The source in the figure is a current source and the circuit is in steady state. At $t = 1.57\text{ seconds}$, the value of $v$ in the circuit given below is ________ volts. Give your answer rounded off to two decimal places.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q10

NAT[2 Marks]

The equivalent impedance, $Z_{AB}$, in the circuit given below is ________ $\Omega$. Give your answer rounded off to one decimal place.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q11

NAT[2 Marks]

In the figure below, the diode is ideal. The current reading shown in the ammeter is ________ $\text{A}$. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q12

NAT[2 Marks]

In the figure below, the Fourier series of $v(t)$, in volts, is given as: $$v(t) = v_0 + 2\cos(\omega_0 t) + 5\cos(3\omega_0 t) + \cos(5\omega_0 t)$$ The capacitor is a short circuit for all AC signals. The power absorbed by the $1\text{ }\Omega$ resistor is ________ $\text{W}$. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q13

MCQ[1 Mark]

For the circuit given below, choose the angular frequency $\omega_0$ (in $\text{rad/s}$) at which the voltage across the capacitor has maximum amplitude?

(A)

1000

(B)

100

(C)

1

(D)

0

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q14

NAT[1 Mark]

In the following circuit, the switch S is open for $t < 0$ and closed for $t \ge 0$. What is the steady state voltage (in Volts) across the capacitor when the switch is closed? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q15

NAT[1 Mark]

In the circuit shown below, the amplitudes of the voltage across the resistor and the capacitor are equal. What is the value of the angular frequency $\omega_0$ (in $\text{rad/s}$)? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q16

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit below, the two DC voltage sources have voltages of value $V_1$ and $V_2$. The expression for the power dissipated in the $60\text{ k}\Omega$ resistor is proportional to ________.

(A)

$(V_1 + V_2)^2$

(B)

$(3V_1 + V_2)^2$

(C)

$(2V_1 + V_2)^2$

(D)

$(V_1 + 2V_2)^2$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q17

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit shown below, it is observed that the amplitude of the voltage across the resistor is the same as the amplitude of the source voltage. What is the angular frequency $\omega_0$ (in $\text{rad/s}$)?

(A)

$10^4$

(B)

$10^3$

(C)

$10^3\pi$

(D)

$10^4\pi$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q18

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit given below, what should be the value of the resistance $R$ for maximum dissipation of power in $R$?

(A)

$1.2\text{ k}\Omega$

(B)

$2.2\text{ k}\Omega$

(C)

$3.2\text{ k}\Omega$

(D)

$4.2\text{ k}\Omega$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q19

MCQ[1 Mark]

The time delay between the peaks of the voltage signals $v_1(t) = 2\cos(6t + 60^\circ)$ and $v_2(t) = -3\sin(6t)$ is ________ $\text{s}$.

(A)

$300\pi / 360$

(B)

$10\pi / 360$

(C)

$50\pi / 360$

(D)

$200\pi / 360$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q20

NAT[1 Mark]

A series RLC circuit with $R = 10\text{ }\Omega$, $L = 50\text{ mH}$ and $C = 100\text{ }\mu\text{F}$ connected to $200\text{ V}$, $50\text{ Hz}$ supply consumes power $P$. The value of $L$ is changed such that this circuit consumes same power $P$ but operates with lagging power factor. The new value of $L$ is ________ $\text{mH}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q21

NAT[1 Mark]

Power consumed by the $3\text{ }\Omega$ resistor is $12\text{ W}$ in the given circuit. The value of the resistor $R$ in the circuit is ________ $\Omega$.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q22

NAT[2 Marks]

The magnitude of the current gain $\frac{I_{\text{load}}}{I_{\text{in}}}$ in the circuit below is ________ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Electrical Circuits

Q23

NAT[2 Marks]

A series RLC circuit is connected to $220\text{ V}$, $50\text{ Hz}$ supply. For a fixed value of $R$ and $C$, the inductor $L$ is varied to deliver the maximum current. This value is $0.4\text{ A}$ and the corresponding potential drop across the capacitor is $330\text{ V}$. The value of the inductor $L$ is ________ $\text{H}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

Signals and Systems

22 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q24

MCQ[1 Mark]

$x[n]$ is a real and odd signal. Which one of the following statements is true about its Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) $X(e^{j\omega})$?

(A)

$X(e^{j\omega})$ is real and even

(B)

$X(e^{j\omega})$ is imaginary and even

(C)

$X(e^{j\omega})$ is real and odd

(D)

$X(e^{j\omega})$ is imaginary and odd

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q25

MCQ[2 Marks]

The output $y[n]$ of a digital moving average filter for an input $x[n]$ is given by $$y[n] = \frac{1}{4}(x[n] + 2x[n-1] + x[n-2])$$ Which one of the following options is a correct statement about the transfer function of this filter?

(A)

It has two poles and two zeros

(B)

It has two poles and no zeros

(C)

It has no poles and two zeros

(D)

It has one pole and one zero

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q26

NAT[2 Marks]

The figure below shows the impulse response of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system, $h[n] = [0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.5, 0.3, 0]$. For an input $x[n] = [1, 0.6, 0, 0, 0, 0]$, the maximum value of its output $y[n]$ is _______ (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q27

MCQ[2 Marks]

A time domain signal is given by $$x(t) = 20\sin(100\pi t) + 36\sin(150\pi t) - 2\sin(300\pi t),$$ where time $t$ is in seconds. Among the following options, what is the frequency (in Hz) at which $x(t)$ should be sampled for accurate signal reconstruction?

(A)

500

(B)

150

(C)

125

(D)

250

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q28

MSQ[2 Marks]

Two systems U and V are defined as shown below. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT? * **System U:** $x(t) \longrightarrow y(t) = x(t)^2 + 1$ * **System V:** $x(t) \longrightarrow y(t) = x(t+1)$

(A)

System U is nonlinear; System V is linear

(B)

System U is causal; System V is noncausal

(C)

System U is noncausal; System V is causal

(D)

System U is nonlinear; System V is nonlinear

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q29

MSQ[2 Marks]

A discrete linear time invariant system has an impulse response function given by $$h[n] = \delta[n] + \frac{1}{2}\delta[n-1] + \frac{1}{3}\delta[n-2].$$ For input signal $x[n] = \delta[n] + \delta[n-1]$, which of the following option(s) is/are CORRECT for the output signal $y[n]$?

(A)

$y[2] = 11/6$

(B)

$y[2] = 5/6$

(C)

$y[k] = 0$ for all $k \ge 3$

(D)

$y[k] = 0$ for all $k \ge 4$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q30

MCQ[1 Mark]

The Fourier transform of $e^{-2|t|}$ is

(A)

$\frac{4}{4 - \omega^2}$

(B)

$\frac{4}{4 + \omega^2}$

(C)

$\frac{2}{2 + \omega}$

(D)

$\frac{2}{2 - \omega}$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q31

MCQ[1 Mark]

The input $x(t)$ and output $y(t)$ of a linear time invariant system are related as follows: $$y(t) + \frac{dy(t)}{dt} + 0.5\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2} = x(t) + 0.1\frac{dx(t)}{dt}$$ What is the Laplace transform of the impulse response of the system?

(A)

$\frac{0.5s^2 + s + 1}{0.1s + 1}$

(B)

$\frac{0.1s + 1}{0.5s^2 + s + 1}$

(C)

$\frac{0.1s + s^2}{s^2 + s + 0.5}$

(D)

$\frac{s^2 + s + 0.5}{0.1s^2 + s}$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q32

NAT[2 Marks]

The bandwidth of ECG signal ranges from $0.5\text{ Hz}$ to $100\text{ Hz}$. If a single ADC is used to digitize data from $8$ ECG channels then the minimum ADC sampling rate is ________ $\text{Hz}$. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q33

NAT[2 Marks]

If $x[n] = u[n] - u[n-5]$, and $h[n] = \delta[n] - \delta[n-1]$ and $y[n] = x[n] * h[n]$, then the value of $\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} y[n]$ is ________. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q34

MCQ[1 Mark]

A finite impulse response (FIR) filter has only two non-zero samples in its impulse response $h[n]$, namely $h[0] = h[1] = 1$. The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) of $h[n]$ equals $H(e^{j\omega})$, as a function of the normalized angular frequency $\omega$. For the range $|\omega| \le \pi$, $|H(e^{j\omega})|$ is equal to ________.

(A)

$2|\cos(\omega)|$

(B)

$2|\sin(\omega)|$

(C)

$2|\cos(\omega/2)|$

(D)

$2|\sin(\omega/2)|$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q35

MSQ[1 Mark]

A causal, discrete time system is described by the difference equation $$y[n] = 0.5\,y[n-1] + x[n] \quad \text{for all } n,$$\nwhere $y[n]$ denotes the output sequence and $x[n]$ denotes the input sequence. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

(A)

The system has an impulse response described by $0.5^n u[-n]$ where $u[n]$ is the unit step sequence.

(B)

The system is stable in the bounded input, bounded output sense.

(C)

The system has an infinite number of non-zero samples in its impulse response.

(D)

The system has a finite number of non-zero samples in its impulse response.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q36

NAT[1 Mark]

A continuous time, band limited signal $x(t)$ has its Fourier transform described by: $$X(f) = \begin{cases} 1 - \frac{|f|}{200}, & |f| \le 200\text{ Hz} \\ 0, & |f| > 200\text{ Hz} \end{cases}$$ The signal is uniformly sampled at a sampling rate of $600\text{ Hz}$. The Fourier transform of the sampled signal is $X_s(f)$. What is the value of $\frac{X_s(600)}{X_s(500)}$? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q37

MCQ[2 Marks]

The Laplace transform of $x_1(t) = e^{-t} u(t)$ is $X_1(s)$, where $u(t)$ is the unit step function. The Laplace transform of $x_2(t) = e^t u(-t)$ is $X_2(s)$. Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

(A)

The region of convergence of $X_1(s)$ is $\text{Re}(s) > 0$.

(B)

The region of convergence of $X_2(s)$ is confined to the left half-plane of $s$.

(C)

The region of convergence of $X_1(s)$ is confined to the right half-plane of $s$.

(D)

The imaginary axis in the $s$-plane is included in both the region of convergence of $X_1(s)$ and the region of convergence of $X_2(s)$.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q38

MSQ[2 Marks]

Two sequences $x_1[n]$ and $x_2[n]$ are described as follows: $$x_1[0] = x_2[0] = 1$$ $$x_1[1] = x_2[2] = 2$$ $$x_1[2] = x_2[1] = 1$$ $$x_1[n] = x_2[n] = 0 \quad \text{for all } n < 0 \text{ and } n > 2$$ If $x[n]$ is obtained by convolving $x_1[n]$ with $x_2[n]$, which of the following equations is/are TRUE?

(A)

$x[2] = x[3]$

(B)

$x[1] = 2$

(C)

$x[4] = 3$

(D)

$x[2] = 5$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q39

MSQ[2 Marks]

The continuous time signal $x(t)$ is described by $$x(t) = \begin{cases} 1, & 0 \le t \le 1 \\ 0, & \text{elsewhere} \end{cases}$$ If $y(t)$ represents $x(t)$ convolved with itself, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

(A)

$y(t) = 0$ for all $t < 0$

(B)

$y(t) = 0$ for all $t > 1$

(C)

$y(t) = 0$ for all $t > 3$

(D)

$\int_{0.1}^{0.75} \frac{dy(t)}{dt} dt \neq 0$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q40

MCQ[1 Mark]

$x(t)$ is a real continuous-time signal whose magnitude frequency response ($|X(j\omega)|$) is shown below. After sampling $x(t)$ at $100\text{ rad}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$, the spectral point P is down-converted to ________ $\text{rad}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$ in the spectrum of the sampled signal.

(A)

12.5

(B)

25

(C)

6.25

(D)

37.5

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q41

MCQ[1 Mark]

Discrete signals $x[n]$ and $y[n]$ are shown below. The cross-correlation $r_{xy}[0]$ is ________.

(A)

$2\sqrt{2}$

(B)

$\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}$

(C)

$\frac{1}{2}$

(D)

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q42

MCQ[2 Marks]

An input $x(t)$ is applied to a system with a frequency transfer function given by $H(j\omega)$ as shown below. The magnitude and phase response of the transfer function are shown below. If $y(t_d) = 0$ for $x(t) = u(t)$, the time $t_d$ ($> 0$) is ________ $\mu\text{s}$.

(A)

$100\ln(2)$

(B)

$10\ln(2)$

(C)

$1000\ln(2)$

(D)

$\ln(2)$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q43

MCQ[2 Marks]

The block diagram of a two-tap high-pass FIR filter is shown below. The filter transfer function is given by $H(z) = Y(z)/X(z)$. If ratio of the maximum to minimum value of $|H(z)|$ is $2$ and $|H(z)|_{\max} = 1$, the coefficients $\beta_0$ and $\beta_1$ are ________ and ________, respectively.

(A)

$0.75, -0.25$

(B)

$0.67, 0.33$

(C)

$0.60, -0.40$

(D)

$-0.64, 0.36$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q44

MCQ[2 Marks]

The block diagrams of an ideal system and a real system with their impulse responses are shown below. An auxiliary path is added to the delayed impulse response in the real system. For a unit impulse input ($x(t) = \delta(t)$) to both systems, gain $\beta$ is chosen such that $y(4T)$ is same for both systems. The value of $\beta$ is ________.

(A)

$e^{-3\alpha T}(1 - e^{-2\alpha T})$

(B)

$-e^{-\alpha T}(1 - e^{-3\alpha T})$

(C)

$-e^{-3\alpha T}(1 - e^{-\alpha T})$

(D)

$e^{-2\alpha T}(1 - e^{-2\alpha T})$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Signals and Systems

Q45

MCQ[2 Marks]

If $F(s) = \frac{1 + s}{s^2 + 12s + 32}$ and $g(t) = \frac{df(t)}{dt}$, where $F(s)$ is the Laplace transform of the function $f(t)$, then the value of $g(t)$ at $t = 0$ is ________.

(A)

$-11$

(B)

$-5$

(C)

$-17$

(D)

$\infty$

Explanation

Analog and Digital Electronics

23 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q46

MCQ[1 Mark]

A standard n-type MOSFET, biased in the saturation region, has the following parasitic capacitances: 1. $C_{GS}$: gate to source capacitance 2. $C_{GD}$: gate to drain capacitance 3. $C_{DS}$: drain to source capacitance Which one of the following options is correct?

(A)

$C_{GS} > C_{GD} > C_{DS}$

(B)

$C_{GD} > C_{DS} > C_{GS}$

(C)

$C_{DS} > C_{GD} > C_{GS}$

(D)

$C_{GD} > C_{GS} > C_{DS}$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q47

MCQ[1 Mark]

The IV characteristics of a diode with a knee voltage $V_{\text{knee}} = 0.8\text{ volts}$ is shown in Figure 1. This diode is used in the circuit shown in Figure 2, in which an input signal of $V_{\text{in}} = 100\sin(1000t)\text{ volts}$ is applied. What is the voltage $V_{\text{out}}$ (in volts) across the capacitor at steady state? Assume that the capacitor is initially discharged and the reverse breakdown voltage of the diode is much greater than $100\text{ volts}$.

(A)

99.2

(B)

$99.2\cos(1000t)$

(C)

$99.2\sin(1000t)$

(D)

-99.2

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q48

MCQ[2 Marks]

If the operational amplifier in the circuit below is ideal, the input impedance looking into terminal $V_{\text{in}}$ is _______

(A)

$\infty$

(B)

$-\frac{R \times R_1}{R_F}$

(C)

$\frac{R \times R_F}{R_1}$

(D)

$R$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q49

MCQ[2 Marks]

The figure below shows the Karnaugh map (K-map) for a truth table with 4 variables $A, B, C$ and $D$. Which one of the following expressions represents the minimum sum of products? Note: The empty cells in the K-map are $0$'s.

(A)

$BC + \overline{A}BD + AC\overline{D} + AB\overline{D}$

(B)

$AB\overline{C}\overline{D} + \overline{A}B\overline{C}D + A\overline{B}C\overline{D} + BC$

(C)

$BC + AC\overline{D} + \overline{A}BD + AB\overline{C}\overline{D}$

(D)

$AB\overline{D} + \overline{A}BD + AC\overline{D} + BCD + BC\overline{D}$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q50

MSQ[2 Marks]

The circuit shown below is used as an instrumentation amplifier. Among the resistors used in the input stage, the value of resistance of one of the resistors ($R^*$) is slightly mismatched from that of the rest of the resistors ($R$). Assume all operational amplifiers are ideal. Which of the following statements is/are true?

(A)

The resistance mismatch introduces a gain error

(B)

The resistance mismatch degrades the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)

(C)

The resistance mismatch introduces an offset error

(D)

$V_{\text{out}}$ is not sensitive to any resistance mismatch

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q51

NAT[2 Marks]

In the following digital circuit, the delay of both the NAND gates is $4\text{ nanoseconds (ns)}$ and the delay of the NOT gate is $1\text{ ns}$. If a $10\text{ MHz}$ clock signal with $50\%$ duty cycle is provided as the input, the duty cycle of the output is _______ $\%$ (Answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q52

MCQ[1 Mark]

Consider two cuboidal blocks of volume $1\text{ cm}^3$ each, one made of gold and the other of undoped silicon. What will happen to the resistivity of these blocks if the temperature is increased from $300\text{ K}$ to $350\text{ K}$? Choose one of the following.

(A)

Resistivity of gold increases and undoped silicon decreases

(B)

Resistivity of gold decreases and undoped silicon increases

(C)

Resistivity of gold remains same and undoped silicon increases

(D)

Resistivity of gold decreases and undoped silicon remains same

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q53

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the circuit shown below, assuming an ideal op-amp, for an input voltage $V_{\text{in}} = 1\text{ V}$, the output voltage $V_{\text{out}} =$ ________ (in volts).

(A)

1.0

(B)

2.0

(C)

0.5

(D)

0.1

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q54

NAT[2 Marks]

For an 8-bit Digital to Analog Converter (DAC), the binary input $\text{0000 0000}$ results in $0\text{ V}$, and $\text{1111 1111}$ results in $5\text{ V}$. The output of the DAC for an input of $\text{1011 0111}$ is ________ (in volts, rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q55

NAT[2 Marks]

What is the output voltage $V_{\text{out}}$ for the circuit shown below? (in volts, rounded off to the nearest integer).

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q56

NAT[2 Marks]

The frequency of the oscillator circuit shown in the figure below is ________ $\text{kHz}$. (rounded off to two decimal places) Given: $R = 1\text{ k}\Omega$; $R_1 = 2\text{ k}\Omega$; $R_2 = 6\text{ k}\Omega$; $C = 0.1\text{ }\mu\text{F}$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q57

MCQ[1 Mark]

The circuit shown in the figure functions as which one of the following digital circuit blocks?

(A)

Negative level triggered D-latch

(B)

Positive level triggered D-latch

(C)

Negative edge triggered D-flip-flop

(D)

Positive edge triggered D-flip-flop

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q58

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following waveforms represents the output $V_o$ of the circuit given below? The Zener diode used has a Zener breakdown voltage of $1\text{ V}$ and can be assumed ideal while in forward bias.

(A)

A

(B)

B

(C)

C

(D)

D

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q59

MCQ[1 Mark]

An $8\text{ bit}$ successive approximation Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) has a clock frequency of $1\text{ MHz}$. Assume that the start conversion and end conversion signals occupy one clock cycle each. Among the following options, what is the maximum frequency that this ADC can sample without aliasing?

(A)

0.9 kHz

(B)

9.9 kHz

(C)

49.9 kHz

(D)

99.9 kHz

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q60

MSQ[1 Mark]

$Q, R, S$ are Boolean variables and $\oplus$ is the XOR operator. Select the CORRECT option(s).

(A)

$(Q \oplus R) \oplus S = Q \oplus (R \oplus S)$

(B)

$(Q \oplus R) \oplus S = 0$ when any two of the Boolean variables ($Q, R, S$) are $0$ and the third variable is $1$

(C)

$(Q \oplus R) \oplus S = 1$ when $Q = R = S = 1$

(D)

$((Q \oplus R) \oplus (R \oplus S)) \oplus (Q \oplus S) = 1$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q61

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the circuit shown below, the input voltage is sinusoidal and $2.5\text{ V}$ peak to peak. The capacitors are $20\text{ }\mu\text{F}$ each. Assume that the knee voltage of the diodes is $0\text{ V}$ and $R_L$ is very large (almost infinite). Which one of the following options is closest to the peak to peak voltage across $R_L$, after a large number of cycles?

(A)

1.25 V

(B)

2.50 V

(C)

5.00 V

(D)

10.0 V

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q62

MSQ[2 Marks]

Assuming the operational amplifier in the circuit shown below to be ideal, which of the following properties hold(s) TRUE for the circuit?

(A)

It acts as a voltage follower.

(B)

It is bistable.

(C)

It is astable.

(D)

The output voltage is at saturation.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q63

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the circuit diagram shown below, the logic gates operate with a supply voltage of $1\text{ V}$. NAND and XNOR have $200\text{ ps}$ and $400\text{ ps}$ input-to-output delay, respectively. At time $t = T$, $A(t) = 0$, $B(t) = 1$ and $Z(t) = 0$. When the inputs are changed to $A(t) = 1$, $B(t) = 0$ at $t = 2T$, a $1\text{ V}$ pulse is observed at $Z$. The pulse width of the $1\text{ V}$ pulse is ________ $\text{ps}$.

(A)

100

(B)

200

(C)

400

(D)

600

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q64

MCQ[1 Mark]

Input bits $X$ and $Y$ are added by using the combinational logic as shown below. $S$ represents the sum of the two bits. For a correct implementation of the sum, the signals $D_0, D_1, D_2, D_3$ are ________, respectively.

(A)

1, 0, 0, 1

(B)

0, 1, 0, 1

(C)

1, 0, 1, 1

(D)

0, 1, 1, 0

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q65

MCQ[2 Marks]

A filter is designed using opamps, resistors, and capacitors as shown below. Opamps are ideal with infinite gain and infinite bandwidth. If $V_o(s)/V_i(s)$ is an all-pass transfer function, the value of resistor $R_2$ is ________ $\text{k}\Omega$.

(A)

1

(B)

10

(C)

5

(D)

2

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q66

NAT[2 Marks]

In the circuit diagram shown below, the MOSFET is biased in saturation region. The MOSFET has a threshold voltage $V_{\text{th}} = 0.5\text{ V}$, width $W = 100\text{ }\mu\text{m}$, length $L = 0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}$, and $\mu_n C_{\text{ox}} = 100\text{ }\mu\text{A}\cdot\text{V}^{-2}$. Assuming $v_i = 1\text{ mV}$ as a small-signal input to MOSFET, the magnitude of the output voltage $V_o$ is ________ $\text{mV}$ (accurate to two decimal places). Ignore channel-length modulation for the MOSFET.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q67

NAT[2 Marks]

In the circuit diagram shown below, BJTs are biased with $V_{EB} = 0.7\text{ V}$. Neglect the base current for operating point calculations. Assume infinite input and output impedance for the BJTs. The output voltage $V_o$ with small input voltage $v_i = 10\text{ mV}$ is ________ $\text{mV}$ (rounded off to one decimal place). The thermal voltage $V_T = 25\text{ mV}$ at room temperature.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Analog and Digital Electronics

Q68

NAT[2 Marks]

An ideal opamp with an infinite gain and infinite bandwidth is connected in feedback as shown below. The output voltage $V_o$ for the given input voltages in the circuit is ________ $\text{V}$ (accurate to one decimal place).

Explanation

Measurements and Control Systems

14 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q69

MCQ[1 Mark]

A control system shown in the figure below has a forward gain $G = 100$. An input $V_{\text{in}} = 5\text{ volts}$ is supplied to the system. What is the absolute error between the output $V_{\text{out}}$ and input $V_{\text{in}}$ in volts?

(A)

0.00

(B)

0.05

(C)

0.50

(D)

1.00

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q70

NAT[2 Marks]

A resistor with $60 \pm 2\text{ }\Omega$ resistance is part of a circuit. The voltage measured across this resistor is $120 \pm 10\text{ mV}$ (millivolts). The uncertainty in the estimation of the power dissipated by the resistor is _______ $\text{mW}$ (milliwatts). (Round off to one decimal place).

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q71

MCQ[1 Mark]

The closed loop system shown below with open-loop transfer function $G(s) = \frac{25}{s(s+5)}$ and unity negative feedback

(A)

is overdamped

(B)

is underdamped

(C)

is critically damped

(D)

has sustained oscillations

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q72

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT for any second order linear system with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller?

(A)

Integral component decreases residual steady state error

(B)

Integral component integrates the output signal only

(C)

Integral component increases residual steady state error

(D)

Integral component integrates the input signal only

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q73

MCQ[1 Mark]

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) voltage measured by a test device is $2.4\text{ }\mu\text{V}$, while the reference device measured it to be $3.0\text{ }\mu\text{V}$. What is the percentage error of the test device?

(A)

25%

(B)

20%

(C)

10%

(D)

0.6%

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q74

NAT[2 Marks]

Resistance $R$ of a thermistor varies as a function of temperature $T$ such that $$R(T) = R_0 \exp\left[\beta\left(\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{T_0}\right)\right],$$ where $\beta = 3100\text{ K}$, and $R_0$ and $T_0$ are positive constants. If the relative error in measuring $R$ is $10\%$, what is the relative error (in percentage) in measuring $310\text{ K}$ temperature? (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q75

NAT[2 Marks]

A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure strain as shown in the figure below. Initially the bridge was balanced. When a strain is applied to the resistor $R_{\text{strain}}$ along its length, the output voltage $V_{\text{OUT}}$ is $10\text{ mV}$. If $R_{\text{strain}}$ is a cylindrical resistor of length $l$ and cross-sectional area $A$, the magnitude of the applied strain is ________. (rounded off to two decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q76

NAT[1 Mark]

The measured current through a device is $5\text{ A}$, the voltage measured across the device is $20\text{ V}$. The ammeter and the voltmeter used for these measurements have a measurement uncertainty of $1\%$ each. The maximum error in estimation of resistance is ________ $\text{m}\Omega$. Give your answer rounded to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q77

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following bridges CANNOT be used for measuring inductance?

(A)

Schering Bridge

(B)

Maxwell Wien Bridge

(C)

Hay Bridge

(D)

Series Owen Bridge

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q78

NAT[2 Marks]

A system is described by the following differential equation $$0.01\frac{d^2y(t)}{dt^2} + 0.2\frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = 6x(t),$$\nwhere time ($t$) is in seconds. If $x(t)$ is the unit step input applied at $t = 0\text{ s}$ to this system, the magnitude of the output at $t = 1\text{ s}$ is ________. (Round off the answer to two decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q79

NAT[2 Marks]

A Wheatstone bridge strain gauge transducer is constructed on a diaphragm in such a way that when a force is applied on the diaphragm, the resistors $R_1$ and $R_4$ will be in compression, and the resistors $R_2$ and $R_3$ will be in tension. The bridge excitation voltage ($E_{\text{in}}$) is $10\text{ Volts}$. If all the resistors have a resistance of $200\text{ }\Omega$ in the absence of any force, and each resistance changes by $20\text{ }\Omega$ upon application of a force, what is the output voltage $V_{\text{out}}$ (in Volts) from the Wheatstone bridge? (Round off your answer to the nearest integer.)

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q80

MCQ[1 Mark]

For the balanced Owen-bridge circuit shown in the figure, the values of $L_x$ and $R_x$ are:

(A)

$L_x = \frac{R_2 R_3}{C_3}, R_x = \frac{R_2 C_1}{C_3}$

(B)

$L_x = R_2 R_3 C_1, R_x = \frac{R_2 C_1}{C_3}$

(C)

$L_x = R_2 R_3 C_1, R_x = \frac{R_2 C_3}{C_1}$

(D)

$L_x = R_2 R_3 C_3, R_x = R_2 C_1 C_3$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q81

NAT[2 Marks]

Independent voltage measurements ($\mu \pm \sigma$) of three sensors where $\mu$ and $\sigma$ are the mean and standard deviation of the measurements, respectively are as follows: $$v_1 = 4.52 \pm 0.02\text{ V}, \quad v_2 = 4.21 \pm 0.20\text{ V}, \quad v_3 = 3.96 \pm 0.15\text{ V}$$ The measurement uncertainty in $v_1 + v_2 + v_3$ is ________ $\text{V}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Measurements and Control Systems

Q82

NAT[2 Marks]

A moving coil voltmeter has an internal resistance of $50\text{ }\Omega$. The scale of the meter is divided into $100$ equal divisions. When a potential of $1\text{ V}$ is applied to terminals of voltmeter, a deflection of $100$ divisions is obtained. However, it is desired that when a potential of $500\text{ V}$ is applied to the terminals, a deflection of $100$ divisions should be obtained. The value of resistance that needs to be connected in series to achieve this is ________ $\Omega$.

Explanation

Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

27 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q83

MCQ[2 Marks]

The table below shows the average values of the power spectral density (PSD) of an EEG signal in different frequency bands. | Frequency bands (Hertz) | Average PSD ($\mu\text{V}^2/\text{Hertz}$) | | :---: | :---: | | 0.4–4.0 | 3 | | 4.0–8.0 | 4 | | 8.0–13.0 | 8 | | 13.0–30.0 | 5 | | 30.0–100.0 | 3 | The PSD of the EEG signal has a noise floor of $2\text{ }\mu\text{V}^2/\text{Hertz}$. The signal to noise ratio for the alpha-band, expressed in decibels, is

(A)

1.76

(B)

3.01

(C)

6.02

(D)

3.98

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q84

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which one of the following options correctly matches the ECG signals in Panel-1 with the cardiac conditions in Panel-2? **Panel-2: Cardiac Conditions** * (i) Normal condition * (ii) Atrial flutter * (iii) Atrioventricular block

(A)

X-(i); Y-(iii); Z-(ii)

(B)

X-(i); Y-(ii); Z-(iii)

(C)

X-(ii); Y-(i); Z-(iii)

(D)

X-(ii); Y-(iii); Z-(i)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q85

NAT[2 Marks]

A photodiode is in series with a $10\text{ k}\Omega$ resistor. A laser beam with wavelength $532\text{ nanometer}$ shines on this photodiode such that the entire beam is incident on its active area. The photodiode responsivity is $0.5\text{ ampere per watt (A/W)}$ at this wavelength. If a voltage of $10\text{ millivolts (mV)}$ is developed across the $10\text{ k}\Omega$ resistor, the laser power incident on the photodiode is _______ $\text{microwatts (}\mu\text{W)}$. (Round off to one decimal place). Assume that the dark current of the photodiode is zero.

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q86

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the electrocardiogram (ECG) of humans, the electrical signature of atrial repolarization is masked by the

(A)

P wave

(B)

QRS complex

(C)

T wave

(D)

ST segment

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q87

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following does NOT use piezoelectric transducers?

(A)

Ultrasonography

(B)

Phonocardiography

(C)

Echocardiography

(D)

Electroencephalography

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q88

MCQ[1 Mark]

A low pass filter with cutoff frequency of $250\text{ Hz}$ is NOT suitable for recording

(A)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

(B)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

(C)

Electromyogram (EMG)

(D)

Electrooculogram (EOG)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q89

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following statement(s) about pulse oximetry is/are TRUE?

(A)

Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs less infrared light (900 nm) compared to deoxygenated hemoglobin

(B)

Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs less visible light (600 nm) compared to deoxygenated hemoglobin

(C)

Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more visible light (600 nm) compared to deoxygenated hemoglobin

(D)

Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light (900 nm) compared to deoxygenated hemoglobin

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q90

NAT[1 Mark]

The wavelength of the peak emission from a human body at a temperature of $37^\circ\text{C}$ due to black-body radiation is ________ $\mu\text{m}$. The value of Wien's displacement constant is $2.898 \times 10^{-3}\text{ m K}$. (Give your answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q91

MCQ[2 Marks]

In a catheter-sensor system to measure blood pressure ($P$) as shown in the below figure, the liquid resistance ($R_L$) of the catheter is due to friction between shearing molecules flowing through the catheter. Which of the following is TRUE for $R_L$ if only the radius of the catheter is doubled? Assume that the pressure difference across the catheter segment is fixed.

(A)

$R_L$ will decrease by 16 times

(B)

$R_L$ will decrease by 8 times

(C)

$R_L$ will decrease by 4 times

(D)

$R_L$ will decrease by 2 times

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q92

MCQ[2 Marks]

A neurologist needs to observe the alpha wave in EEG recordings of a patient. The system block diagram with ideal filter blocks is shown below. Which one of the following design choices is correct?

(A)

$f_h = 8\text{ Hz}, f_l = 12\text{ Hz}, f_s = 12\text{ Hz}$

(B)

$f_h = 4\text{ Hz}, f_l = 6\text{ Hz}, f_s = 24\text{ Hz}$

(C)

$f_h = 6\text{ Hz}, f_l = 4\text{ Hz}, f_s = 12\text{ Hz}$

(D)

$f_h = 8\text{ Hz}, f_l = 12\text{ Hz}, f_s = 48\text{ Hz}$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q93

MCQ[2 Marks]

A mechanical ventilator operating in volume controlled mode is set to deliver $600\text{ mL}$ of tidal volume (TV) with a flow rate of $40\text{ L/min}$. The frequency of breathing is set at $15\text{ breaths per minute}$. If the flow rate is doubled which one of the following will happen?

(A)

The inspiratory time will increase.

(B)

The expiratory time will increase.

(C)

The tidal volume will increase.

(D)

The frequency of breathing will decrease.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q94

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following is/are TRUE for a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of a muscle experiencing fatigue?

(A)

The median frequency of power spectral density of sEMG will decrease.

(B)

The median frequency of power spectral density of sEMG will increase.

(C)

The root mean square (RMS) value of sEMG will increase.

(D)

The root mean square (RMS) value of sEMG will decrease.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q95

NAT[2 Marks]

A DNA extract solution with a concentration of $15\text{ ng/}\mu\text{L}$ placed in a micro-cuvette of sample thickness $0.5\text{ mm}$ gave an absorbance of $0.24$ at a wavelength of $260\text{ nm}$ in a spectrophotometer. After further concentration, the sample was found to give an absorbance of $0.38$ at the same wavelength under identical conditions. The final concentration of the sample is ________ $\text{ng/}\mu\text{L}$. (Give your answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q96

NAT[2 Marks]

A bio-potential signal of $4\text{ mV}$ on the skin surface was fed to an amplifier with a differential gain of $2000$. The noise in the signal is $1000\text{ mV}$. If the amplifier output produces a noise output of $200\text{ mV}$, the common mode rejection ratio of the amplifier is ________ $\text{dB}$. Give your answer rounded to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q97

NAT[2 Marks]

In a motor nerve conduction velocity experiment, the distance between the distal and the recording sites is $4\text{ cm}$ and the distance between the proximal and the recording sites is $24\text{ cm}$. The distal and proximal latencies were recorded as $6\text{ ms}$ and $10\text{ ms}$, respectively. The nerve conduction velocity is ________ meters per second. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q98

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the following circuit with an ideal operational amplifier, the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor $C$ is given by the expression $C = \left(\frac{\epsilon A}{x}\right)$, where $\epsilon$ is the dielectric constant of the medium between the capacitor plates, and $A$ is the cross-sectional area. In the above relation, $x$ is the separation between the two parallel plates, given by $x = x_0 + kt$, where $t$ is time; $x_0$ and $k$ are positive non-zero constants. If the input voltage $v_i$ is constant, then the output voltage $v_o$ is given by ________.

(A)

$\frac{R v_i C k}{x}$

(B)

$\frac{R v_i C}{kx}$

(C)

$\frac{v_i k}{R C x}$

(D)

$0$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q99

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following techniques makes use of Korotkoff sounds?

(A)

Sphygmomanometry

(B)

Audiometry

(C)

Spirometry

(D)

Tonometry

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q100

NAT[1 Mark]

At time $t$, the cardiac dipole is oriented at $-45^\circ$ (minus forty five degrees) to the horizontal axis. The magnitude of the dipole is $3\text{ mV}$. Assuming Einthoven frontal plane configuration, what is the magnitude (in mV) of the electrical signal in lead II? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q101

NAT[2 Marks]

The resistance of a thermistor is $1\text{ k}\Omega$ at $25^\circ\text{C}$ and $500\text{ }\Omega$ at $50^\circ\text{C}$. Find the temperature coefficient of resistance (in units of $^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$) at $35^\circ\text{C}$. (Round off the answer to three decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q102

NAT[2 Marks]

A metallic strain gauge with negligible piezoresistive effect is subjected to a strain of $50 \times 10^{-6}$. For the metal, Young's Modulus $= 80\text{ GPa}$ and Poisson's Ratio $= 0.42$. What is the change in resistance (in $\text{m}\Omega$), if the unstrained resistance of the strain gauge is $200\text{ }\Omega$? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q103

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following statements related to the safety of biomedical instruments are TRUE?

(A)

When a person is exposed to an electrical hazard, let-go current is defined as the maximum current at which the subject can withdraw voluntarily

(B)

Microshock is a physiological response resulting from an electrical current passing through heart

(C)

The patient in an intensive care unit is being exposed to the danger of microshock because of using internal conductive electrodes in the vicinity of the heart

(D)

The 50 Hz safe current limit for a microshock is greater than 50 mA

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q104

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following statements related to the operating principle of pulse oximetry are CORRECT?

(A)

Pulse oximeter can non-invasively determine arterial oxygen saturation ($\text{SpO}_2$) by analyzing the light transmitted through the skin during the systolic phase of the blood flow through the tissue

(B)

In a pulse oximeter, isosbestic wavelength is the wavelength at which $\text{Hb}$ and $\text{HbO}_2$ have same optical absorbance

(C)

Pulse oximeter can accurately determine the $\text{SpO}_2$ of blood by computing the ratio of absorbances at $660\text{ nm}$ and $905\text{ nm}$ wavelengths

(D)

Pulse oximeter can accurately determine the $\text{SpO}_2$ of blood by computing the ratio of absorbances at $850\text{ nm}$ and $950\text{ nm}$ wavelengths

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q105

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following statements related to biomedical measurements are TRUE?

(A)

Electrical activity of neurons in the peripheral nervous system can be measured by ENG

(B)

Electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulus can be measured using EOG

(C)

In a human EEG, Gamma waves are high frequency waves compared to Beta, Delta, and Theta waves

(D)

P wave in ECG manifests ventricular repolarization

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q106

MCQ[2 Marks]

Consider the Einthoven's triangle of frontal ECG for the 3 electrodes RA, LA and LL shown in the figure. The augmented lead vectors bisect the bipolar lead vectors. At the peak of R wave, the cardiac vector $\mathbf{M}$ points vertically downwards with $|\mathbf{M}| = 5\text{ mV}$. The voltages on leads I and II are ________ $\text{mV}$ and ________ $\text{mV}$ respectively.

(A)

$0, 4.33$

(B)

$2.17, 0$

(C)

$0, 2.17$

(D)

$4.33, 0$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q107

NAT[2 Marks]

The linear temperature coefficient of the material of a wire is $x \times 10^{-4}\text{ }^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$. The resistance of this wire increased from $50\text{ }\Omega$ at $25^\circ\text{C}$ to $60\text{ }\Omega$ at $75^\circ\text{C}$. The value of $x$ is ________ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q108

NAT[2 Marks]

A Hall effect flow meter is used to measure the volumetric flow through a blood vessel. The flow meter induces a magnetic field across the vessel and uses a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the vessel which is normal to both magnetic field and blood flow. A caliper is used to measure the vessel diameter. The system calculated the flow rate to be $100\text{ cm}^3\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$ using the known magnetic field, and measured values of voltage and vessel diameter. After the measurement, a calibration is performed, and it is discovered that the voltmeter was measuring $40\%$ larger than the actual value and the caliper was measuring the diameter $10\%$ smaller than the actual value. Assuming a uniform flow profile along the vessel and ignoring viscosity, the actual blood flow is ________ $\text{cm}^3\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Sensors and Bioinstrumentation

Q109

NAT[2 Marks]

A catheter based arterial blood pressure measurement device uses a flexible diaphragm mounted with four identical strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration as shown in the figure. Assume that the strain gauges have a nominal resistance value of $R_G = 10\text{ k}\Omega$, Gauge Factor $G = 40$ and Young's Modulus $E = 10\text{ MPa}$. Blood pressure variations results in small finite change in strain $\epsilon$ ($\epsilon > 0$). If $V_o$ is the output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge and $\sigma$ is the stress in $\text{MPa}$, the sensitivity $\frac{V_o}{\sigma}$ is ________ $\text{V}\cdot\text{MPa}^{-1}$.

Explanation

Human Anatomy and Physiology

36 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q110

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following will not coagulate when placed on a glass slide that does not have any surface coatings?

(A)

Blood serum

(B)

Fresh blood obtained from an artery

(C)

Fresh blood obtained from a vein

(D)

Blood depleted of neutrophils alone

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q111

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following cell types is the most abundant in healthy adult human blood?

(A)

Erythrocytes

(B)

Lymphocytes

(C)

Basophils

(D)

Neutrophils

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q112

MCQ[1 Mark]

In humans, the pyloric sphincter is located between

(A)

esophagus and stomach

(B)

stomach and duodenum

(C)

mouth and esophagus

(D)

ileum and large intestine

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q113

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following epithelial cell types is primarily located in the tracheal mucosa of a healthy adult human?

(A)

Transitional

(B)

Keratinized stratified squamous

(C)

Simple squamous

(D)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q114

NAT[1 Mark]

The vital capacity, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume of the lungs of a healthy individual are $4600\text{ milliliters (mL)}$, $500\text{ mL}$, and $2500\text{ mL}$, respectively. The expiratory reserve volume of the lungs of this individual is _______ $\text{mL}$. (Round off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q115

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which one of the following options correctly matches the cell types (Panel-1) with the organs in which they are primarily located (Panel-2)? | Panel-1 | Panel-2 | | :--- | :--- | | (p) Microglia | (i) Brain | | (q) Mesangial cells | (ii) Kidney | | (r) Microfold cells | (iii) Small intestine |

(A)

(p)-(i); (q)-(ii); (r)-(iii)

(B)

(p)-(i); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii)

(C)

(p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iii)

(D)

(p)-(iii); (q)-(ii); (r)-(i)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q116

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which one of the following options correctly matches the lobes of the cerebral cortex of a healthy human being (Panel-1) with their canonical sensory function (Panel-2)? | Panel-1 | Panel-2 | | :--- | :--- | | (p) Parietal lobe | (i) Sight | | (q) Occipital lobe | (ii) Touch | | (r) Temporal lobe | (iii) Hearing |

(A)

(p)-(i); (q)-(ii); (r)-(iii)

(B)

(p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iii)

(C)

(p)-(iii); (q)-(i); (r)-(ii)

(D)

(p)-(i); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q117

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following cells is/are primarily located in the epidermis of healthy human skin?

(A)

Keratinocytes

(B)

Melanocytes

(C)

Oxyntic cells

(D)

Goblet cells

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q118

MSQ[2 Marks]

Select the peptide hormone(s) from the following options.

(A)

Cortisol

(B)

Testosterone

(C)

Oxytocin

(D)

Insulin

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q119

MCQ[1 Mark]

Given the following statements, which one of the options is correct? Statement (i): Histology is the study of histones Statement (ii): Cytology is the study of tissues

(A)

Both the statements are correct

(B)

Both the statements are incorrect

(C)

Statement (i) is correct; statement (ii) is incorrect

(D)

Statement (i) is incorrect; statement (ii) is correct

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q120

MCQ[1 Mark]

The duration of action potential in a ventricular muscle cell of a human heart ranges from ________ milliseconds.

(A)

2 to 3

(B)

200 to 300

(C)

2000 to 3000

(D)

20 to 30

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q121

MCQ[1 Mark]

Cerebrospinal fluid in humans is present in the ________ space.

(A)

subdural

(B)

subarachnoid

(C)

pericardial

(D)

epidural

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q122

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal gland in humans?

(A)

Cortisol

(B)

Epinephrine

(C)

Oxytocin

(D)

Aldosterone

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q123

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT about neuronal membrane and neuronal action potential?

(A)

Application of an outward current depolarizes the neuronal membrane

(B)

Application of an inward current depolarizes the neuronal membrane

(C)

Increasing the stimulus strength increases the amplitude of neuronal action potential

(D)

Increasing the stimulus strength decreases the latency of neuronal action potential

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q124

NAT[2 Marks]

The plot of $\log_{10}(\text{BMR})$ as a function of $\log_{10}(M)$ is a straight line with slope $0.75$, where $M$ is the mass of the person and $\text{BMR}$ is the Basal Metabolic Rate. If a child with $M = 10\text{ kg}$ has a $\text{BMR} = 600\text{ kcal/day}$, the $\text{BMR}$ for an adult with $M = 100\text{ kg}$ is ________ $\text{kcal/day}$. (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q125

NAT[2 Marks]

The cardiac output of a person at rest is $5\text{ litres per minute}$ and the mean aortic pressure is $100\text{ mmHg}$. During exercise, if the cardiac output doubles and mean aortic pressure rises to $110\text{ mmHg}$, then the peripheral resistance in the systemic circulation will decrease by ________ $\%$. (rounded off to the nearest integer) Assume venous pressure in systemic circulation to be negligible.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q126

MCQ[1 Mark]

During the repolarization phase of a neuron, the cell is brought back to the resting potential by the action of a Sodium-Potassium pump. Which one of the following statements is TRUE for the active transport of $\text{Na}^+$ and $\text{K}^+$ ions through the cell membrane?

(A)

For every $3\text{ Na}^+$ transported out of the cell $2\text{ K}^+$ is transported into the cell.

(B)

For every $3\text{ Na}^+$ transported into the cell $2\text{ K}^+$ is transported out of the cell.

(C)

For every $2\text{ Na}^+$ transported out of the cell $3\text{ K}^+$ is transported into the cell.

(D)

The ratio of $\text{Na}^+$ and $\text{K}^+$ transport is always equal to one.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q127

MCQ[1 Mark]

The cardiac rhythm in a healthy human heart originates from

(A)

Sinu-atrial node (SA)

(B)

Atrio-ventricular node (AV)

(C)

Bundle of His

(D)

Right atria

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q128

MCQ[1 Mark]

Consider the following layers: subcutaneous fat, viable epidermis, stratum corneum, and dermis. Which one of the following represents the correct sequence of the layers from skin surface to within?

(A)

Dermis, subcutaneous fat, viable epidermis, stratum corneum

(B)

Dermis, viable epidermis, subcutaneous fat, stratum corneum

(C)

Stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat

(D)

Viable epidermis, stratum corneum, dermis, subcutaneous fat

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q129

MCQ[1 Mark]

Macrophages that are resident in the liver are

(A)

Histiocyte cells

(B)

Langerhans cells

(C)

Kupffer cells

(D)

Fibroblast cells

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q130

MCQ[1 Mark]

Match the different chambers/locations of a healthy human heart in Column-1 to the ranges of diastolic pressures in Column-2. | Column-1 | Column-2 | | :--- | :--- | | (P) Arterial | (I) $2\text{--}6\text{ mm Hg}$ | | (Q) Pulmonary artery | (II) $8\text{--}12\text{ mm Hg}$ | | (R) Right ventricle | (III) $60\text{--}80\text{ mm Hg}$ |

(A)

(P) - (II), (Q) - (III), (R) - (I)

(B)

(P) - (II), (Q) - (I), (R) - (III)

(C)

(P) - (III), (Q) - (II), (R) - (I)

(D)

(P) - (III), (Q) - (I), (R) - (II)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q131

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following is/are NOT TRUE about photoreceptor cells in a healthy human retina?

(A)

The distribution of rod and cone cells is uniform all over the retina.

(B)

The number of rods are higher than the number of cones in the retina.

(C)

Rods contain photopsin pigment.

(D)

Cones are responsible for colour vision in bright light.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q132

MCQ[2 Marks]

The end-diastolic ventricular volume is found to be $125\text{ mL}$ and the end-systolic ventricular volume is found to be $50\text{ mL}$. If the heart rate is $65\text{ beats/minute}$, what is the cardiac output in liters per minute? (Rounded off to 2 decimal places.)

(A)

3.25

(B)

4.88

(C)

5.20

(D)

3.00

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q133

MCQ[1 Mark]

The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein ________.

(A)

carry deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood, respectively

(B)

carry oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood, respectively

(C)

both carry oxygenated blood

(D)

both carry deoxygenated blood

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q134

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following constituents is/are NOT normally found in serum obtained from human blood?

(A)

Platelets

(B)

Albumin

(C)

Glucose

(D)

Fibrinogen

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q135

MSQ[1 Mark]

In the human pancreas, which cell types secrete insulin and glucagon?

(A)

Alpha cells and delta cells, respectively

(B)

Beta cells and delta cells, respectively

(C)

Alpha cells and beta cells, respectively

(D)

Beta cells and alpha cells, respectively

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q136

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following relations is/are CORRECT in terms of various lung volume measurements?

(A)

Vital capacity minus expiratory reserve volume equals inspiratory capacity.

(B)

Vital capacity plus expiratory reserve volume equals inspiratory capacity.

(C)

Total lung capacity equals the sum of inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity.

(D)

Functional residual capacity is the difference between expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q137

NAT[2 Marks]

The volume percentage of oxygen in inspired air is $20\%$ and that of expired air is $16\%$. A person is breathing at a rate of $12\text{ breaths per minute}$. Each breath is $500\text{ mL}$ in volume. The cardiac output is $5\text{ liters per minute}$. Assuming ideal, healthy lung and cardiac conditions, what is the change in percentage of oxygen in blood over $1\text{ minute}$? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q138

NAT[2 Marks]

The intracellular and extracellular concentrations (in mM) of three important ions are given in the table below. The relative permeability of the cell membrane to each ion is provided. Universal gas constant is $8.31\text{ J/(mol}\cdot\text{K)}$ and Faraday's constant is $96500\text{ C/mol}$. What is the absolute value of the resting membrane potential (in mV) across the cell membrane at $27^\circ\text{C}$? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.) | Ion | Extracellular concentration (mM) | Intracellular concentration (mM) | Relative permeability | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Sodium | 140 | 10 | 0.02 | | Potassium | 3 | 140 | 1.00 | | Chloride | 90 | 3 | 0.38 |

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q139

MCQ[1 Mark]

Myopia occurs when the focal point falls ________ the retina. This can be corrected using a ________ lens.

(A)

in front of, convex

(B)

behind, convex

(C)

in front of, concave

(D)

behind, concave

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q140

MCQ[1 Mark]

Choose the correct sequence for the direction of blood flow in a healthy human being starting and ending with the left ventricle.

(A)

Left ventricle $\rightarrow$ Aorta $\rightarrow$ Systemic arteries $\rightarrow$ Systemic veins $\rightarrow$ Vena cavae $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ Right ventricle $\rightarrow$ Left ventricle

(B)

Left ventricle $\rightarrow$ Aorta $\rightarrow$ Systemic arteries $\rightarrow$ Systemic veins $\rightarrow$ Vena cavae $\rightarrow$ Right ventricle $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ Left ventricle

(C)

Left ventricle $\rightarrow$ Systemic arteries $\rightarrow$ Aorta $\rightarrow$ Systemic veins $\rightarrow$ Right ventricle $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ Left ventricle

(D)

Left ventricle $\rightarrow$ Aorta $\rightarrow$ Systemic arteries $\rightarrow$ Vena cavae $\rightarrow$ Systemic veins $\rightarrow$ Right ventricle $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ Pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ Left ventricle

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q141

MCQ[1 Mark]

In a healthy adult, which one of the following regions of the brain contains primarily white matter?

(A)

Cerebral cortex

(B)

Basal ganglia

(C)

Limbic system

(D)

Corpus callosum

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q142

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

(A)

A myelinated axon has a greater ATP requirement than an unmyelinated axon of the same diameter and length

(B)

An unmyelinated axon has a greater ATP requirement than a myelinated axon of the same diameter and length

(C)

An unmyelinated axon has the same ATP requirement as a myelinated axon of the same diameter and length

(D)

An unmyelinated axon always has a greater ATP requirement than a myelinated axon irrespective of their diameter and length

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q143

MCQ[2 Marks]

A person has a total blood volume of $5\text{ L}$. Out of this total, assume that $4\text{ L}$ is contained in the systemic circulation and $1\text{ L}$ in pulmonary circulation. The cardiac output of the person is $5\text{ L}\cdot\text{min}^{-1}$. Time taken for a drop of blood to go from right ventricle to left ventricle is ________ $\text{s}$.

(A)

60

(B)

20

(C)

15

(D)

12

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q144

NAT[2 Marks]

A patient has a breathing rate of $18\text{ breaths per minute}$, with a tidal volume of $500\text{ mL}$, having an anatomical dead space of $150\text{ mL}$. If the person has a heart rate of $120\text{ beats per minute}$ and a stroke volume of $50\text{ mL}$, the alveolar ventilation to perfusion ratio is ________ (accurate to two decimal places).

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Human Anatomy and Physiology

Q145

NAT[2 Marks]

Assume that the ratio of total blood volume in liters to total body weight in kg is $0.07$ and the blood consists of plasma and RBCs only. The plasma volume of a $70\text{-kg}$ man with $52\%$ hematocrit is ________ $\text{L}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

Medical Imaging Systems

34 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q146

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following options represents the correct order of the speed of ultrasound wave propagation in bone, air, and soft tissue?

(A)

bone > air > soft tissue

(B)

bone > soft tissue > air

(C)

air > bone > soft tissue

(D)

soft tissue > bone > air

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q147

NAT[1 Mark]

An MRI signal acquired from a tissue has a transverse relaxation time ($T_2$) of $100\text{ milliseconds (ms)}$. If the signal intensity at time $t = 0\text{ ms}$ is $500\text{ a.u.}$, the signal intensity at $t = 50\text{ ms}$ is _______ $\text{a.u.}$ (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q148

NAT[1 Mark]

The gyromagnetic ratio of $^{31}\text{P}$ nucleus is $17.23\text{ MHz/Tesla}$. The Larmor frequency of $^{31}\text{P}$ nucleus in an MRI scanner with a field strength of $3\text{ Tesla}$ is _______ $\text{MHz}$. (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q149

MCQ[2 Marks]

An ultrasound wave is incident normal to the interface of muscle and bone. The acoustic impedances of muscle and bone are $1.7 \times 10^{-4}\text{ kg m}^{-2}\text{ sec}^{-1}$ and $6.1 \times 10^{-4}\text{ kg m}^{-2}\text{ sec}^{-1}$, respectively. The fraction of the incident energy that is reflected is

(A)

0.98

(B)

0.32

(C)

0.50

(D)

0.65

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q150

MCQ[2 Marks]

An ultrasound beam traversing through $5\text{ cm}$ of a material is attenuated at a rate of $2\text{ dB/cm}$. The intensity of the beam at the exit of the material is $I_{\text{exit}}$ and the intensity at the entry into the material is $I_{\text{entry}}$. The ratio $\frac{I_{\text{exit}}}{I_{\text{entry}}} =$ _______

(A)

0.5

(B)

0.9

(C)

0.1

(D)

0.7

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q151

MCQ[2 Marks]

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequence is shown in the figure below, wherein $T_R$ is the repetition time and $T_E$ is the echo time. Which one of the following options is the correct name of this MRI sequence?

(A)

Spin echo sequence

(B)

Echo planar imaging sequence

(C)

Inversion recovery sequence

(D)

Saturation recovery sequence

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q152

NAT[2 Marks]

The half-life of $^{113\text{m}}\text{In}$ nuclei is $1.7\text{ hours}$, and the $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$ nuclei is $6.0\text{ hours}$. If the initial activity levels of $^{113\text{m}}\text{In}$ and $^{99\text{m}}\text{Tc}$ in their respective samples are $100\text{ Gigabecquerels (GBq)}$ and $20\text{ GBq}$, the time at which their activity levels become equal is _______ $\text{hours}$. (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q153

MCQ[1 Mark]

Given the following statements, which one of the options is correct? Statement (i): Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) has better spatial resolution than Electroencephalogram (EEG) Statement (ii): EEG has better temporal resolution than sMRI

(A)

Both the statements are correct

(B)

Both the statements are incorrect

(C)

Statement (i) is correct; statement (ii) is incorrect

(D)

Statement (i) is incorrect; statement (ii) is correct

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q154

MCQ[1 Mark]

Consider the following statements: **Assertion:** Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses radionuclides, such as $^{11}\text{C}$ and $^{15}\text{N}$, to study tissue metabolism. **Reason:** Positron-emitting nuclides are incorporated in molecules that are essential for metabolism.

(A)

Both Assertion and Reason are true; Reason is not the correct explanation for the Assertion

(B)

Both Assertion and Reason are true; Reason is the correct explanation for the Assertion

(C)

Assertion is true, but Reason is false

(D)

Both Assertion and Reason are false

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q155

MCQ[1 Mark]

$_{6}^{9}\text{C}$ and $_{6}^{10}\text{C}$ are ________, whereas $_{6}^{9}\text{C}$ and $_{5}^{8}\text{B}$ are ________.

(A)

isotopes; isomers

(B)

isomers; isotopes

(C)

isotopes; isotones

(D)

isotones; isotopes

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q156

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following statement(s) about ultrasound waves is/are true?

(A)

Acoustic impedance of biological tissues is directly proportional to its density

(B)

The reflection coefficient depends on the impedance mismatch at the interface of two biological tissues

(C)

The transmission coefficient is independent of the impedance of biological tissues

(D)

Biological tissues do not reflect ultrasound waves

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q157

NAT[2 Marks]

If the gyromagnetic ratio of proton is $42.58\text{ MHz per Tesla}$, the resonance frequency for protons in a magnetic field of $1.5\text{ Tesla}$ is ________ $\text{MHz}$. (rounded off to two decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q158

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following events is NOT typically encountered in diagnostic X-ray projection radiography?

(A)

Pair production

(B)

Photoelectric absorption

(C)

Compton scattering

(D)

Characteristic radiation

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q159

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following statements is TRUE for a PET imaging system?

(A)

Two coincident photons of 511 keV energy are detected $180^\circ$ apart.

(B)

Photons of 51.1 keV energy are detected $360^\circ$ around the body.

(C)

Photons of energy 511 keV are detected $360^\circ$ around the body.

(D)

Coincident photons with 51.1 keV energy are detected $180^\circ$ apart.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q160

MSQ[1 Mark]

A monochromatic beam of $\gamma$-ray photons is incident on a homogenous tissue. Which of the following relationships hold(s) TRUE for the half-value layer thickness?

(A)

The first half-value layer is thicker than the second half-value layer.

(B)

The second half-value layer is thicker than the first half-value layer.

(C)

All the half-value layers have equal thickness.

(D)

The ratio of thickness of the first and second half-value layers change based on the intensity of the incident beam.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q161

NAT[1 Mark]

The Larmor frequency of a $\text{Na}$ nucleus when placed in a magnetic field strength of $3\text{ T}$ is ________. (The gyromagnetic ratio of $\text{Na}$ is given as $\gamma = 11.26\text{ MHz/T}$.) Give your answer in MHz rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q162

NAT[1 Mark]

A Doppler ultrasound transducer operating at $5\text{ MHz}$ gave maximum output frequency shift of $3\text{ kHz}$. The velocity of sound in blood is $1500\text{ m/s}$. If the probe was held at an angle of $45^\circ$ to the direction of blood flow, the maximum velocity of blood flow through the artery is ________ $\text{m/s}$. (Give your answer rounded off to two decimal places.)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q163

MCQ[2 Marks]

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pulse repetition time ($TR$), time to echo ($TE$), $T_1$ relaxation time, $T_2$ relaxation time are some of the important pulse sequence design parameters. Which one of the following specifications is used for proton density weighted imaging?

(A)

$TR \gg T_1, TE \ll T_2$

(B)

$TR \gg T_1, TE \gg T_2$

(C)

$TR \ll T_1, TE \ll T_2$

(D)

$TR \ll T_1, TE \gg T_2$

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q164

MSQ[2 Marks]

The X-ray attenuation coefficients as a function of photon energy for three materials are shown in the figure below. A tissue phantom containing these three materials is imaged at two different X-ray photon energies of $50\text{ keV}$ and $150\text{ keV}$. When the developed X-ray film is viewed, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

(A)

Bone will appear relatively brighter than DCA in 50 keV.

(B)

DCA will appear relatively brighter than bone in 50 keV.

(C)

Bone will appear relatively brighter than DCA in 150 keV.

(D)

DCA will appear relatively brighter than bone in 150 keV.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q165

NAT[2 Marks]

An X-ray beam of initial intensity $I_0$ of $70\text{ keV}$ imaging the chest is assumed to undergo attenuation through the muscle tissue for a thickness of $16\text{ cm}$ and further through the bone tissue for a thickness of $4\text{ cm}$. The half value layer (HVL) thicknesses for the muscle and bone are $3.5\text{ cm}$ and $1.8\text{ cm}$, respectively. The percentage of X-ray intensity transmitted through the body is ________. Give your answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q166

NAT[2 Marks]

A person standing one meter away from a $4000\text{ curie}$ radioactive source receives a lethal dose of radiation in about $5\text{ minutes}$. At $3\text{ meters}$ away from the same source, the time in which he will receive the same lethal dose is ________ minutes. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q167

NAT[2 Marks]

If a circular ultrasound transducer of radius $a = 8\text{ mm}$ operating at a central frequency of $1\text{ MHz}$ has a pressure beam pattern in a medium as given below: $$P(r, 0) \propto \sin\left(\frac{ka^2}{4r}\right)$$ Here, $k$ is the wave number, $r$ is the axial distance from the transducer center. The speed of sound in the medium is $1600\text{ m s}^{-1}$. The reduction in intensity between $r = 8\text{ cm}$ and $r = 16\text{ cm}$ is ________ $\text{dB}$. Give your answer as a positive quantity rounded off to two decimal places.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q168

MCQ[1 Mark]

A polychromatic beam of X-Rays has an energy spectrum as shown in Figure P below. Which of the following graphs (in the options A to D) depicts the energy spectrum after passing through a human body? In each figure, the horizontal axis represents Energy in keV and the vertical axis represents Relative X-ray Intensity.

(A)

A

(B)

B

(C)

C

(D)

D

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q169

NAT[1 Mark]

A $5\text{ MHz}$ ultrasound transducer is being used to measure the velocity of blood. When the transducer is placed at an angle of $45^\circ$ to the direction of blood flow, a frequency shift of $200\text{ Hz}$ is observed in the echo. Assume that the velocity of sound is $1500\text{ m/s}$. What is the velocity (in $\text{cm/s}$) of the blood flow? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q170

MCQ[2 Marks]

A circular disc of radius $R$ (in cm) has a uniform absorption coefficient of $1\text{ cm}^{-1}$. Consider a single ray passing through the disc in the plane of the disc. The shortest distance from the center of the disc to the ray is $t$ (in cm). If $I_i$ is the intensity of the incident ray and $I_o$ is the intensity of the transmitted ray, then $\log\left(\frac{I_i}{I_o}\right)$ is given by ________.

(A)

$2\sqrt{R^2 - t^2}$

(B)

$2R$

(C)

$1$

(D)

$2\sqrt{R - t}$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q171

MCQ[2 Marks]

The free induction decay (FID) in the MRI of an object can be approximated as $$s(t) = \iint m(x,y)e^{-j2\pi(K_x(t)x + K_y(t)y)}dx\,dy,$$\nwhere $K_x(t) = \int_0^t G_x(\tau)d\tau$ and $K_y(t) = \int_0^t G_y(\tau)d\tau$. Here $G_x$ and $G_y$ are pulses of identical period and are in-phase. By changing the amplitude of the pulses, one can obtain the two dimensional Fourier transform of the object ________.

(A)

over radial lines in $(K_x, K_y)$ space

(B)

over a parabolic contour in $(K_x, K_y)$ space

(C)

along $K_y$ only

(D)

along $K_x$ only

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q172

MCQ[2 Marks]

An ultrasound plane wave of amplitude $P_0$ hits the semi-infinite boundary of two media having acoustic impedances $Z_1$ and $Z_2$. The sum of the amplitudes of the reflected and the incident waves at the boundary is equal to ________.

(A)

$\frac{2 P_0 Z_2}{(Z_1 + Z_2)}$

(B)

$\frac{P_0 (Z_2 - Z_1)}{(Z_1 + Z_2)}$

(C)

$\frac{P_0 Z_2}{Z_1}$

(D)

$\frac{P_0 Z_1}{(Z_1 + Z_2)}$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q173

NAT[2 Marks]

A normally incident X-ray of energy $140\text{ keV}$ passes through a tissue phantom and is detected by the detector as shown in the figure below. The phantom consists of tissue P with an absorption coefficient of $1\text{ cm}^{-1}$ and a thickness of $1\text{ cm}$, and tissue Q with an absorption coefficient of $10\text{ cm}^{-1}$ and a thickness of $2\text{ cm}$. Calculate the intensity (in $\mu\text{eV}$) detected by the detector. (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q174

NAT[2 Marks]

A two-dimensional square plate ($20\text{ mm}$ sides) contains a homogeneous circular inclusion of $5\text{ mm}$ diameter in it. A parallel beam of X-rays (beam width $30\text{ mm}$) is used in a tomography system to determine the location of the inclusion. What is the minimum number of views required to approximately determine the location of the inclusion?

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q175

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the process of obtaining a Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), the terms $T_1$ and $T_2$ time constants of the material are very crucial to decide on getting suitable weighted images. Choose the correct explanation relating to these two constants from the following options.

(A)

$T_1$ is the spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation time, and $T_2$ is the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time

(B)

$T_1$ and $T_2$ indicate the durations that Free Induction Decay (FID) signal to be recorded in x and y axes directions, respectively

(C)

$T_1$ and $T_2$ refer to the durations of flipping pulses used to tilt the resultant magnetic vector into x-y plane and inverse z-direction, respectively

(D)

$T_1$ is the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time, and $T_2$ is the spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation time

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q176

NAT[1 Mark]

The thickness of piezoelectric crystal (PZT5A) used in ultrasound applications will determine the resonant frequency of the transducer. To work at a resonance frequency of $5\text{ MHz}$, the thickness of a PZT5A transducer must be ________ $\text{mm}$ (rounded off to three decimal places). Given: The velocity of sound in PZT5A is $4350\text{ m}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q177

MCQ[2 Marks]

Consider two radionuclides P and Q. Suppose the half-life of P ($t_{1/2}^P$) is four times that of Q ($t_{1/2}^Q$). At time $t = 0$, there are $N_0$ atoms of both radionuclides. When will the radioactivity of the two radionuclides be equal?

(A)

$t = t_{1/2}^P$

(B)

$t = 0.66\,t_{1/2}^P$

(C)

$t = 0.75\,t_{1/2}^P$

(D)

$t = 1.5\,t_{1/2}^P$

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q178

NAT[2 Marks]

The $1^{\text{st}}$ generation (1G) CT scanner uses a point X-ray source and a detector. The source detector assembly can move linearly at a speed of $0.5\text{ m}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$ and that it takes $0.5\text{ s}$ for source-detector assembly to rotate one angular increment, regardless of the angle. This scanner is expected to collect $360$ projections over $180^\circ$ of span. The field of view used for data collection has a diameter of $0.5\text{ m}$. The scan time required is ________ $\text{s}$.

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Medical Imaging Systems

Q179

NAT[2 Marks]

The inverse square law has a very practical use in radiography. While taking an acceptable chest radiograph of a subject at a distance of $0.75\text{ m}$ from the X-ray generator, X-ray source settings were kept at $50\text{ kVp}$, $50\text{ mA}\cdot\text{s}$. If the subject is moved to a distance of $1\text{ m}$, and the $\text{kVp}$ is kept the same, the new value of $\text{mA}\cdot\text{s}$ to obtain the same exposure will be ________ $\text{mA}\cdot\text{s}$ (rounded off to two decimal places).

Explanation

Biomechanics

24 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q180

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following options represents the tissues/organs of a healthy adult human, arranged in the correct decreasing order of their Young's modulus?

(A)

Bone > Cartilage > Liver > Lung

(B)

Bone > Cartilage > Lung > Liver

(C)

Bone > Lung > Cartilage > Liver

(D)

Bone > Lung > Liver > Cartilage

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q181

MCQ[1 Mark]

Consider an incompressible cylindrical tissue with a diameter of $2\text{ cm}$ and a height of $3\text{ cm}$. If this tissue is stretched by $10\%$ in the axial direction, its diameter in the stretched configuration is _______ $\text{cm}$. Assume homogeneous deformation of the tissue.

(A)

2.4

(B)

2.2

(C)

1.6

(D)

1.9

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q182

MCQ[1 Mark]

The three curves shown in the figure represent the trends in Stress-Strain relationship in Bone, Glass and Steel. Which one of the following options correctly matches the curve labels ($P$, $Q$, and $R$) with these three materials?

(A)

P-Bone; Q-Glass; R-Steel

(B)

P-Steel; Q-Bone; R-Glass

(C)

P-Steel; Q-Glass; R-Bone

(D)

P-Glass; Q-Bone; R-Steel

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q183

MCQ[2 Marks]

A uniform shear force of magnitude $0.01\text{ Newton (N)}$ is applied to the top surface of a cubical tissue sample with side of length $1\text{ cm}$ (marked with dashed lines in the figure below). In the deformed configuration (marked with solid lines), the angle $\theta = 5\text{ degrees}$. The shear modulus of the tissue is _______ $\text{kilopascals (kPa)}$. Assume the tissue to be a linear, isotropic and homogenous elastic solid.

(A)

1.14

(B)

10.40

(C)

5.14

(D)

3.14

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q184

NAT[2 Marks]

There is a steady laminar blood flow in a tapered cylindrical vessel of circular cross-section, as shown in the figure below. Two cross-sections, labeled A and B in the figure, have radii $0.5\text{ centimeter (cm)}$ and $0.45\text{ cm}$, respectively. If the average flow speed of the blood at cross-section A is $1\text{ cm/second}$, the average flow speed at cross-section B is _______ $\text{cm/second}$. (Round off to one decimal place). Assume blood to be an incompressible fluid.

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q185

NAT[2 Marks]

Figure 1 depicts an arm holding a ball in static equilibrium. Figure 2 shows the free-body diagram of the lower arm where $F$ is the force applied by the biceps muscle at an angle of $\theta = 60\text{ degrees}$ with respect to the lower arm, and $R_1$ and $R_2$ are the reaction forces acting at point $O$. The weights of the ball and the lower arm are $W_1 = 50\text{ Newtons (N)}$ and $W_2 = 20\text{ N}$ respectively. The force exerted by the biceps muscle is $F =$ _______ $\text{N}$. (Round off to the nearest integer) Assume the lower arm to be a rigid body.

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q186

MCQ[1 Mark]

Let $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ be the Reynolds numbers corresponding to the following three cases, respectively: * **Case 1:** A $1\text{ }\mu\text{m}$ long bacterium swimming in water * **Case 2:** A $10\text{ cm}$ long fish swimming in water * **Case 3:** A $10\text{ m}$ long whale swimming in water If each of them covers a distance equal to their respective body length in one second, which one of the following is CORRECT?

(A)

$R_1 > R_2 > R_3$

(B)

$R_1 < R_2 < R_3$

(C)

$R_3 < R_1 < R_2$

(D)

$R_2 < R_1 < R_3$

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q187

MCQ[1 Mark]

The shape of an elastic rod of length $l$ is represented by the position vector $\vec{r}(s)$ corresponding to the arc length $s$. If the bending energy of the rod is $$E = K \int_0^l \left(\frac{\partial^2 \vec{r}}{\partial s^2}\right)^2 ds,$$ what is the dimension of $K$ in terms of mass $M$, length $L$ and time $T$?

(A)

$MLT^{-2}$

(B)

$ML^3T^{-2}$

(C)

$ML^2T^{-2}$

(D)

$ML^3T^{-1}$

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q188

MCQ[1 Mark]

For a tissue with Young's modulus $4\text{ kPa}$ and shear modulus $1.5\text{ kPa}$, what is the value of the Poisson's ratio?

(A)

$\frac{1}{5}$

(B)

$\frac{1}{3}$

(C)

$\frac{1}{4}$

(D)

$\frac{1}{2}$

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q189

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT about isotonic and isometric tests?

(A)

In an isotonic test, muscle is subjected to a constant tension and its length is recorded.

(B)

In an isotonic test, muscle is held at constant length, and the contractile force generated by the muscle is recorded.

(C)

In an isometric test, muscle is held at constant length, and the contractile force generated by the muscle is recorded.

(D)

In an isometric test, muscle is subjected to a constant tension and its length is recorded.

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q190

MSQ[2 Marks]

A Newtonian fluid of viscosity $\mu$ is undergoing laminar flow in a tube of radius $R$. For a constant pressure drop per unit length along the tube, which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT? Note: $r$ represents the radial position; assume no slip condition at the boundaries.

(A)

The radial profile of the flow velocity is proportional to $\left(1 - \frac{r^2}{R^2}\right)$

(B)

The radial profile of the flow velocity is proportional to $\left(1 - \frac{r^3}{R^3}\right)$

(C)

Shear stress is zero at $r = R$

(D)

Shear stress is zero at $r = 0$

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q191

NAT[2 Marks]

For pulsatile blood flow through an artery of internal diameter $20\text{ mm}$, wall thickness $1\text{ mm}$ and Young's Modulus $1\text{ MPa}$, what is the wave speed in metres per second? ________ (rounded off to one decimal place). Assume the density of blood to be $1050\text{ kg/m}^3$.

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q192

NAT[2 Marks]

An ideal, massless spring with spring constant $1\text{ N/m}$ (upper panel of the given figure) is cut into $5$ equal parts. If two of these parts are connected in parallel (lower panel of the given figure), what is the resultant spring constant in $\text{N/m}$? (rounded off to the nearest integer) Assume linear behavior of the springs.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q193

NAT[1 Mark]

A cylindrical engineered tissue was developed with a diameter of $2\text{ cm}$, height of $3\text{ cm}$ and Young's modulus of $20\text{ MPa}$. If an axial tensile force of $10\text{ N}$ is applied, the percentage change in the height of the tissue is ________ $\%$. Give your answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q194

NAT[2 Marks]

The approximate total cross sectional areas of various types of blood vessels are given below. It was estimated that the velocity of blood in the aorta is $30\text{ cm s}^{-1}$. The time it will take for the blood to travel through a capillary of length $0.5\text{ mm}$ is ________ seconds. Give your answer rounded off to two decimal places. | Vessel Type | Approximate total cross sectional area ($\text{cm}^2$) | | :---: | :---: | | Aorta | 4.5 | | Artery | 20 | | Arteriole | 400 | | Capillary | 4500 | | Venule | 40 | | Vein | 15 |

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q195

NAT[2 Marks]

An artificial fore-arm has a moment-of-inertia around the center of mass as $0.3\text{ kg}\cdot\text{m}^2$. The mass of the artificial fore-arm is $3\text{ kg}$. If the distance from the elbow joint to the center of mass of the fore-arm is $20\text{ cm}$, the moment-of-inertia of the fore-arm about the elbow joint is ________ $\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^2$. Give your answer rounded off to two decimal places.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q196

NAT[2 Marks]

A person creates an apparatus as shown in the figure to exercise the extensor muscle of the hand. It is given that $OP = 0.15\text{ m}$, $OQ = 0.35\text{ m}$, $\theta = 30^\circ$, the weight of the lower arm $= 20\text{ N}$, the center of mass of the lower arm is at point $P$, the magnitude of the applied tensile force $F = 50\text{ N}$. If the extensor muscle is acting with a moment arm of $0.25\text{ m}$, the muscle force required to hold the hand at the position shown in the figure is ________ $\text{N}$. Give your answer rounded off to the nearest integer.

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q197

MCQ[1 Mark]

$M, L$ and $T$ correspond to dimensions representing mass, length and time, respectively. What is the dimension of viscosity?

(A)

$M^1 L^{-2} T^{-1}$

(B)

$M^1 L^{-1} T^{-1}$

(C)

$M^1 L^{-1} T^1$

(D)

$M^1 L^{-2} T^{-2}$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q198

NAT[1 Mark]

For a tissue with Young's modulus of $3.6\text{ kPa}$ and Poisson's ratio of $0.2$, what is the value of its shear modulus (in kPa)? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q199

NAT[2 Marks]

Consider the total hip joint prosthesis as shown in the figure. The geometric parameters of the prosthesis are such that $L_1 = 40\text{ mm}$, $L_2 = 60\text{ mm}$, $\theta_1 = 45^\circ$, $\theta_2 = 90^\circ$. Assume that, when standing symmetrically on both feet, a joint reaction force of $400\text{ N}$ is acting vertically at the femoral head (point A) due to the body weight of the subject. Calculate the magnitude of the moment (in $\text{N}\cdot\text{m}$) about point C. (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q200

NAT[2 Marks]

A stone is thrown from an elevation of $2\text{ m}$ above ground level, at an angle of $30^\circ$ to the horizontal axis. If the stone hits the ground at a horizontal distance of $6\text{ m}$ from the point of release, at what speed (in $\text{m/s}$) was the stone thrown? Use $g = 10\text{ m/s}^2$ and assume that there is no air resistance. (Round off your answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q201

MCQ[1 Mark]

Skeletal muscles are recruited to lift loads. If the force generated in the muscle due to contraction is not sufficient to lift the load, it is known as ________ contraction.

(A)

Isometric

(B)

Isotonic

(C)

Isokinetic

(D)

Isoinertial

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q202

MCQ[2 Marks]

The deltoid muscle connects the humerus to the shoulder blade and facilitates out stretching of the arm as shown in the figure. The humerus is connected to the shoulder blade with a ball and socket joint. Assume the equivalent weight ($W$) of the arm to be $30\text{ N}$ and acts vertically down at a horizontal distance of $30\text{ cm}$. Assume that the deltoid muscle is connected to the humerus at a distance of $15\text{ cm}$ and makes an average angle of $20^\circ$ with the horizontal. The magnitude of tension in the deltoid muscle is ________ $\text{N}$.

(A)

31.9

(B)

63.8

(C)

87.7

(D)

175.4

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomechanics

Q203

MCQ[2 Marks]

For blood flow through arteries, which one of the following relations approximates the pulse wave propagation speed ($C$) as a function of the inner diameter ($D$) of the artery, wall thickness ($t$), modulus of elasticity ($E$), and fluid density ($\rho$)?

(A)

$C = \sqrt{\frac{E\,t}{\rho\,D}}$

(B)

$C = \sqrt{\frac{\rho\,D}{E\,t}}$

(C)

$C = \sqrt{\frac{\rho\,D^3 t^3}{E}}$

(D)

$C = \sqrt{\frac{E\,\rho}{D\,t}}$

Explanation

Biomaterials

25 Questions

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q204

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following is not a polymer?

(A)

DNA

(B)

Albumin

(C)

Cholesterol

(D)

Dextran

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q205

MCQ[1 Mark]

Electrostatic interaction between a positively charged polymer and a negatively charged polymer in an aqueous medium most likely results in the formation of a

(A)

chemical-crosslinked hydrogel

(B)

complex coacervate

(C)

photo-crosslinked hydrogel

(D)

liposome

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q206

NAT[1 Mark]

The shell of a hollow spherical nanoparticle has a uniform thickness of $3\text{ nanometers (nm)}$. The outer radius of the nanoparticle is $5\text{ nm}$. The ratio of the volume of the shell to the volume of the hollow core is _______ (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q207

MCQ[2 Marks]

A drug is loaded in a polymeric device through a process. Which one of the following ratios defines the drug encapsulation efficiency of this process?

(A)

$\frac{\text{Amount of drug successfully loaded}}{\text{Amount of polymer in the device}}$

(B)

$\frac{\text{Amount of drug successfully loaded}}{\text{Amount of drug used in the process}}$

(C)

$\frac{\text{Amount of drug used in the process}}{\text{Amount of drug successfully loaded}}$

(D)

$\frac{\text{Amount of polymer in the device}}{\text{Amount of drug used in the process}}$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q208

MCQ[2 Marks]

Which one of the following complement system pathways is most likely to be activated on biomaterials implanted in a healthy human?

(A)

classical pathway

(B)

lectin pathway

(C)

alternative pathway

(D)

extrinsic pathway

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q209

MCQ[2 Marks]

Choose one of the following options that correctly fills the blanks labelled as $\text{I}$ and $\text{II}$ in the paragraph below. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymers exhibit a decrease in their water solubility with an increase in temperature. This happens because, at low temperatures, the hydrogen bonding between the $\underline{\text{ I }}$ segments of polymer chain and the water molecules dominates. At high temperatures, the interactions between the $\underline{\text{ II }}$ segments dominate.

(A)

I-hydrophilic; II-hydrophobic

(B)

I-hydrophobic; II-hydrophilic

(C)

I-hydrophilic; II-polar

(D)

I-hydrophobic; II-polar

Explanation

GATE→2026→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q210

NAT[2 Marks]

Solid polymeric particles of diameter $20\text{ micrometers (}\mu\text{m)}$ are suspended in water such that the concentration of polymeric particles in the solution is $1\%$ weight/volume (w/v). If the mass density of the polymeric particle is $1\text{ g/cm}^3$, the number of polymeric particles present in $1\text{ mL}$ of this solution is _______ $\times 10^6$. (Round off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q211

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the context of temperature sensitive polymers, LCST stands for

(A)

Large Critical Solution Temperature

(B)

Local Critical Solute Temperature

(C)

Large Critical Solvent Temperature

(D)

Lower/Lowest Critical Solution Temperature

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q212

MCQ[2 Marks]

Gelatin solutions P and Q of concentrations $3.5\%$ and $0.5\%$, respectively, need to be mixed to obtain a $3\%$ solution R. How much volume (in mL) of P needs to be mixed with $100\text{ mL}$ of Q to obtain R? (Choose the correct option) All concentrations are in units of weight/volume.

(A)

100

(B)

250

(C)

500

(D)

1000

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q213

MSQ[2 Marks]

At a given frequency, the storage modulus ($G'$) and loss modulus ($G''$) of four biomaterials are shown in the table below. Which of the following option(s) is/are CORRECT? | Biomaterial | $G'\text{ (Pa)}$ | $G''\text{ (Pa)}$ | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | P | 1000 | 50 | | Q | 1000 | 80 | | R | 1000 | 100 | | S | 1000 | 0 |

(A)

P, Q and R are viscoelastic solids

(B)

P, Q and R are viscoelastic fluids

(C)

R and S are viscoelastic solids

(D)

S is an elastic solid

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q214

NAT[2 Marks]

Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is combined with an equal amount (by weight) of hydroxyapatite (HA) to make a bone scaffold. If the porosity of the scaffold is $80\%$, what is the scaffold density in $\text{g/cm}^3$? (rounded off to two decimal places) Assume densities of PLGA and HA to be $1\text{ g/cm}^3$ and $3\text{ g/cm}^3$, respectively.

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q215

NAT[2 Marks]

Strength ($\sigma$) of an implanted suture is given by the equation $$\sigma = \sigma_0 - 2\log_e(t) \quad \text{for } t \ge 1,$$ where $\sigma_0$ represents the original strength and time $t$ is measured in weeks. If the strength of the suture is $2\text{ MPa}$ at $4\text{ weeks}$, what will be its strength (in MPa) at $8\text{ weeks}$? (rounded off to two decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2025→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q216

NAT[2 Marks]

The storage modulus ($G'$) of a collagen gel scales as $G' \sim [C]^3$, where $[C]$ represents the collagen concentration in $\text{mg/mL}$. If the storage modulus of $1\text{ mg/mL}$ collagen gel is $100\text{ Pa}$, then the storage modulus of a $3\text{ mg/mL}$ collagen gel is ________ $\text{Pa}$. (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q217

MCQ[1 Mark]

Bioglass 45S5 has a composition of

(A)

45 wt% $\text{SiO}_2$ and 5:1 molar ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus.

(B)

45 wt% Hydroxyapatite and 5 wt% $\text{SiO}_2$.

(C)

45 wt% Hydroxyapatite and 5:1 molar ratio of $\text{CaO}$ and $\text{Ca}_3(\text{PO}_4)_2$.

(D)

45 wt% $\text{SiO}_2$ and 5 wt% Hydroxyapatite.

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q218

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following drug release kinetic curves will be ideal for developing an implantable slow-release drug delivery device?

(A)

A

(B)

B

(C)

C

(D)

D

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q219

MCQ[2 Marks]

An orthopaedic implant when monitored over 6 months showed the following normalized curves for polymer molecular weight (MW), mass of implant and mechanical strength. Among the choices, what is the most probable reason for the observed changes?

(A)

Bulk erosion

(B)

Surface erosion

(C)

Bulk initially followed by surface erosion

(D)

No erosion but mechanical breakage due to injury

Explanation

GATE→2024→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q220

MCQ[2 Marks]

In an attempt to integrate engineered tissue with native tissue, three samples of engineered tissue, X, Y, Z, with identical material properties, were co-cultured adjacent to three different native tissues (bone, cartilage and liver). The adhesive strengths of X, Y, Z were observed after 8 weeks as follows. Adhesive strength for $\text{X} = 150\text{ kPa}$, $\text{Y} = 250\text{ kPa}$, $\text{Z} = 350\text{ kPa}$. Match the native tissue that were used to co-culture X, Y and Z from the following. * **I:** Liver Tissue * **II:** Articular Cartilage * **III:** Devitalized Bone

(A)

X with I, Y with II and Z with III

(B)

X with II, Y with III and Z with I

(C)

X with I, Y with III and Z with II

(D)

X with III, Y with II and Z with I

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q221

MCQ[1 Mark]

Choose the option that has the biomaterials arranged in order of decreasing tensile strength. (PMMA: poly-methyl-methacrylate)

(A)

Human compact bone > PMMA bone cement > Polymer foams > Graphite-epoxy

(B)

Human compact bone > Graphite-epoxy > PMMA bone cement > Polymer foams

(C)

Graphite-epoxy > Human compact bone > PMMA bone cement > Polymer foams

(D)

PMMA bone cement > Human compact bone > Polymer foams > Graphite-epoxy

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q222

MCQ[2 Marks]

In a biomaterial, formation of hydrogen bonds on alcoholic groups will lead to a ________.

(A)

shift in the infra-red peak around $1700\text{ cm}^{-1}$

(B)

shift in the infra-red peak around $2800\text{ cm}^{-1}$

(C)

broadening of the infra-red peak around $3500\text{ cm}^{-1}$

(D)

disappearance of the infra-red peak around $1700\text{ cm}^{-1}$

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q223

MSQ[2 Marks]

A water insoluble polymeric biomaterial can become water soluble in vivo by which of the following mechanisms?

(A)

Cleavage of crosslinks between water soluble polymer chains

(B)

Cleavage of side chains leading to formation of non-polar groups

(C)

Cleavage of backbone linkages between polymer repeat units leading to the formation of polar groups

(D)

Enzymatic degradation of crosslinks between water soluble polymer chains

Explanation

GATE→2023→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q224

NAT[2 Marks]

In a cell viability experiment, $10,000$ cells were cultured in the absence and presence of a compound Q for $24\text{ h}$. The absorbance of a dye associated with cellular metabolic activity was measured at a wavelength of $570\text{ nm}$ at $24\text{ h}$. The measured absorbances were $0.8\text{ a.u.}$ in the absence of the compound Q, and $0.5\text{ a.u.}$ in its presence. If the dye gives an absorbance (at $570\text{ nm}$) of $0.1\text{ a.u.}$ in the absence of cells, what is the percentage cell growth inhibition caused by the compound Q? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.)

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q225

MCQ[1 Mark]

Backscattered electron detector of a scanning electron microscope is used to

(A)

study surface topography of the sample

(B)

quantify surface roughness

(C)

measure atomic number

(D)

contrast areas with different chemical compositions

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q226

MSQ[1 Mark]

An ideal coronary stent should

(A)

be thromboresistant

(B)

promote accumulation of smooth muscle cells

(C)

be fatigue resistant

(D)

support deposition of extracellular matrix

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q227

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following mechanical prosthetic valves were invented as a replacement for diseased heart valves?

(A)

Globe valve

(B)

Ball and cage valve

(C)

Bi-leaflet valve

(D)

Swing check valve

Explanation

GATE→2022→Biomedical Engineering Core→Biomaterials

Q228

MCQ[2 Marks]

Based on the stress-strain curves of three different materials (X, Y, and Z) shown in the figure, which one of the following choices is CORRECT?

(A)

X - Titanium, Y - Hydroxyapatite, Z - Polyethylene

(B)

X - Hydroxyapatite, Y - Titanium, Z - Polyethylene

(C)

X - Hydroxyapatite, Y - Polyethylene, Z - Titanium

(D)

X - Polyethylene, Y - Titanium, Z - Hydroxyapatite

Explanation