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General Aptitude(10)Engineering Mathematics(10)General Biology(13)Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology(7)Fundamentals of Biological Engineering(18)Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology(3)Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology(4)

General Aptitude

10 Questions

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Verbal Ability

Q1

MCQ[1 Mark]

"He often ____ the numbers. False claims are not going to help. Honesty ____ trust", said the manager. Choose the option with the correct order of words to fill the blanks.

(A)

exaggerates; engenders

(B)

excels; encourages

(C)

aggravates; alleviates

(D)

diminishes; eliminates

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q2

MCQ[1 Mark]

In the sequence of tiles shown below, the missing tile indicated by the question mark should be:

(A)

a

(B)

b

(C)

c

(D)

d

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q3

MCQ[1 Mark]

A school has 100 students distributed among 1st to 10th standards. Based on this, which one of the following statements is always correct?

(A)

There are at least 10 students who belong to the same standard.

(B)

There is at least one student in each standard.

(C)

There are at most 10 students in 10th standard.

(D)

The total number of students from 1st to 5th standards is at least 50.

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q4

MCQ[1 Mark]

How many 3-digit numbers can be formed using three distinct single digit prime numbers?

(A)

64

(B)

24

(C)

12

(D)

4

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q5

MCQ[1 Mark]

In a group of students, 10 students like Mathematics, 12 students like English, 4 students like both Mathematics and English, and 6 students like neither Mathematics nor English. The number of students in the group is

(A)

18

(B)

20

(C)

24

(D)

32

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Verbal Ability

Q6

MCQ[2 Marks]

Charity: P :: Retaliation : Q. Choose the appropriate pair of words P and Q that fit the analogy.

(A)

P = Parsimonious; Q = Vengeful

(B)

P = Altruistic; Q = Amicable

(C)

P = Resentful; Q = Spiteful

(D)

P = Magnanimous; Q = Vindictive

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q7

MCQ[2 Marks]

A paper shown in Panel I is folded along the dashed lines (---) to construct a cube. The shaded regions shown in Panel I appear on the outer surface of the cube. Referring to cubes shown in Panel II, which one of the options is correct?

(A)

Only (i) can correspond to the unfolded cube in Panel I.

(B)

Only (ii) can correspond to the unfolded cube in Panel I.

(C)

Both (i) and (ii) can correspond to the unfolded cube in Panel I.

(D)

Neither (i) nor (ii) can correspond to the unfolded cube in Panel I.

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q8

MCQ[2 Marks]

Consider the cube shown below with its 8 corners labelled a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. The figure is representative. All corners are to be colored such that any two corners that are connected by an edge must be of different colors. The minimum number of colors required to achieve this is

(A)

8

(B)

4

(C)

3

(D)

2

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q9

MCQ[2 Marks]

Four hills H1, H2, H3, and H4 are present in an area. The following observations are made about them: i. Neither H2 nor H3 is the easternmost hill. ii. Neither H2 nor H3 is the westernmost hill. iii. Neither the easternmost hill nor the westernmost hill is the southernmost hill. iv. Two hills are located to the west of H2. v. The southernmost hill has at least two hills to its east. The southernmost hill is

(A)

H1

(B)

H2

(C)

H3

(D)

H4

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Aptitude→Quantitative Aptitude

Q10

MCQ[2 Marks]

As shown in the figure, circle C1 with center O1 and radius r1 touches the square VWXY at points P and Q while circle C2 with center O2 and radius r2 touches the square VWXY at points R and S. The two circles touch each other at T. Given r1 = 1 cm and VY = VW = 4 cm, r2 =

(A)

4 - 3\sqrt{2}

(B)

1 + 2\sqrt{2}

(C)

7 - 4\sqrt{2}

(D)

5 + 3\sqrt{2}

Explanation

Engineering Mathematics

10 Questions

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Calculus

Q11

MCQ[1 Mark]

Consider the two functions $f_{1}(x)=\frac{x^{2}-4}{x-2}$ and $f_{2}(x)=x^{2}-2x+2.$ Which of the following is the value of $(f_{1}(x)+f_{2}(x))$ as $x\rightarrow2$?

(A)

0

(B)

6

(C)

8

(D)

\infty

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Linear Algebra

Q12

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following is one of the eigenvalues for the matrix given below? $$\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 4 \\ 4 & -3 \end{bmatrix}$$

(A)

1

(B)

3

(C)

5

(D)

7

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Calculus

Q13

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following functions has the highest area under the curve between $x=0$ and $x=10$?

(A)

$y=x+8$

(B)

$y=3x$

(C)

$y=2x+1$

(D)

$y=x+2$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Differential Equations

Q14

MSQ[1 Mark]

The equation $\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}-y=0$ has a solution of the form $y=e^{Ax}$. The value(s) of A satisfying this is/are:

(A)

0

(B)

1

(C)

-1

(D)

-\infty

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Probability and Statistics

Q15

NAT[1 Mark]

The mean of the following series is 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, ......, 1 (rounded off to three decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Linear Algebra

Q16

MSQ[2 Marks]

For the given matrix, which of the statements given below is/are true? $$\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 & 5 \\ 2 & -1 & 0 \\ 5 & 2 & 9 \end{bmatrix}$$

(A)

The matrix is full rank

(B)

The matrix is invertible

(C)

The matrix has a determinant

(D)

The matrix has a transpose

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Calculus

Q17

NAT[2 Marks]

Consider the equation $\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{x}$. The value of the integral $\int_{1}^{2}dy$ using trapezoidal method and interval $h=0.25$ (rounded off to two decimal places) is

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Linear Algebra

Q18

NAT[2 Marks]

If the straight lines given by the following two equations are parallel to each other, the value of a is $$4x+7y=6; \quad 3ax+42y=24$$ (answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Calculus

Q19

NAT[2 Marks]

A straight line $y=x-1$ intersects a circle with center at $x=1$, $y=1$ and radius of magnitude 1 at two points. The length of the chord formed by this intersection is (rounded off to three decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Engineering Mathematics→Calculus

Q20

NAT[2 Marks]

From the following plot of $\frac{dy}{dx}$ versus x and if $y(2)=5$, the value of $y(3)$ is (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

General Biology

13 Questions

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q21

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following enzyme is involved in the protection of cells from reactive oxygen species?

(A)

Hexokinase

(B)

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

(C)

Enolase

(D)

Pyruvate kinase

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Microbiology

Q22

MCQ[1 Mark]

In nitrogen fixation, to reduce nitrogen to ammonia, which one of the following shows the correct order of electron flow?

(A)

Ferredoxin $\rightarrow$ reductase $\rightarrow$ nitrogenase

(B)

NADH $\rightarrow$ reductase $\rightarrow$ nitrogenase

(C)

Ferredoxin $\rightarrow$ nitrogenase $\rightarrow$ reductase

(D)

Reductase $\rightarrow$ NADH $\rightarrow$ nitrogenase

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Microbiology

Q23

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following antibiotics blocks protein chain elongation by preventing the action of peptidyl transferase ?

(A)

Bleomycin

(B)

Rifampicin

(C)

Chloramphenicol

(D)

Tetracycline

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q24

MCQ[1 Mark]

The catalytic efficiency of an enzyme following Michaelis-Menten kinetics is defined by

(A)

$k_{cat}$

(B)

$V_{max}/k_{cat}$

(C)

$k_{cat}/K_{M}$

(D)

$k_{cat}/V_{max}$

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q25

MCQ[1 Mark]

Match the carbohydrates Column I with the correct glycosidic linkages involved in Column II. **Column I** P. Amylose Q. Sucrose R. Amylopectin S. Cellulose **Column II** 1. $\beta(1\rightarrow4)$ 2. $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$ 3. $\alpha1\rightarrow\beta2$ 4. $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$, $\alpha(1\rightarrow6)$

(A)

P-4; Q-3; R-2; S-1

(B)

P-2; Q-1; R-4; S-3

(C)

P-2; Q-3; R-4; S-1

(D)

P-1; Q-3; R-4; S-2

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q26

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following options represents the products of light reactions of photosynthesis in plants?

(A)

$O_{2}/NADH/H_{2}$

(B)

$O_{2}/NADP^{+}/CO_{2}$

(C)

$O_{2}/NADPH/ATP$

(D)

$O_{2}/NADP^{+}/ATP$

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q27

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following drugs inhibit(s) ATP-ADP translocase?

(A)

Oligomycin

(B)

Atractyloside

(C)

Amytal

(D)

Bongkrekic acid

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Microbiology

Q28

NAT[1 Mark]

To determine the viable cell count of a bacterial culture, you have plated $50~\mu\text{L}$ of a 100-fold diluted sample of the culture on a nutrient agar plate and obtained 20 colonies after overnight incubation. The viable cell count of the culture is $\text{CFU mL}^{-1}$. (answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q29

NAT[1 Mark]

Given below is the Gibbs free energy change $(\Delta G)$ in kilo Joules per electron equivalent $(\text{kJ e}^{-}\text{eq}^{-1})$ at pH 7.0, of organic and inorganic half reactions. Acetate synthesis: $\frac{1}{8}CO_{2}+\frac{1}{8}HCO_{3}^{-}+H^{+}+e^{-}\rightarrow\frac{1}{8}CH_{3}COO^{-}+\frac{3}{8}H_{2}O \quad \Delta G=27.4~\text{kJ e}^{-}\text{eq}^{-1}$ Reduction reaction: $\frac{1}{4}O_{2}+H^{+}+e^{-}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}H_{2}O \quad \Delta G=-78.72~\text{kJ e}^{-}\text{eq}^{-1}$ The free energy change of acetate oxidation to $CO_{2}$, $H_{2}O$ and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ is $\text{kJ e}^{-}\text{eq}^{-1}$. (rounded off to two decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Immunology

Q30

MCQ[2 Marks]

Match the immunological terms in Column I with their function/description in the Column II **Column I** P. J gene Q. Cyclosporin R. Epitope S. Hapten **Column II** 1. Suppresses immune system by blocking calcineurin 2. Antibody binding site on a large molecule 3. Small foreign molecule which elicits an immune response only when combined with a carrier molecule 4. Contributes to antibody diversity

(A)

P-3; Q-4; R-2; S-1

(B)

P-2; Q-4; R-1; S-3

(C)

P-1; Q-3; R-4; S-2

(D)

P-4; Q-1; R-2; S-3

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q31

MCQ[2 Marks]

Match the biomolecules in Column I with their function given in Column II **Column I** P. Lectins Q. P-glycoprotein R. Digitoxigenin S. Mannose 6-phosphate **Column II** 1. Acts as ATP dependent pump to efflux out small molecules 2. Targets lysosomal enzymes to their destination 3. Specific carbohydrate binding proteins 4. Inhibits $\text{Na}^{+}-\text{K}^{+}$ pump

(A)

P-3; Q-2; R-1; S-4

(B)

P-1; Q-3; R-4; S-2

(C)

P-2; Q-1; R-3; S-4

(D)

P-3; Q-1; R-4; S-2

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q32

MSQ[2 Marks]

An enzyme-catalyzed reaction is found to have $\Delta G=-100~\text{kj mol}^{-1}$. Which of the following statements about this reaction is/are true?

(A)

The rate of the reaction cannot be predicted

(B)

The rate of the reaction is high

(C)

The rate of the reaction is low

(D)

The reaction is irreversible

Explanation

GATE→2026→General Biology→Biochemistry

Q33

NAT[2 Marks]

The electron equivalent per liter $(\text{e}^{-}\text{eq L}^{-1})$ of acetate ion solution of concentration $10\text{ g L}^{-1}$ is $\text{eeq L}^{-1}$ (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

7 Questions

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Molecular Biology

Q34

MCQ[1 Mark]

The RNA primer synthesized during bacterial DNA replication is removed by

(A)

DNA gyrase

(B)

DNA Polymerase I

(C)

Primase

(D)

DNA Polymerase III

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Cell Biology

Q35

MSQ[1 Mark]

Which of the following is/are extra-cellular matrix protein(s)?

(A)

Myosin

(B)

Fibronectin

(C)

Lamin

(D)

Collagen

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

Q36

MCQ[2 Marks]

Match the genetic disorders in Column I to the corresponding underlying cause in Column II **Column I** P. Klinefelter Syndrome Q. Turner syndrome R. Bloom syndrome S. Xeroderma pigmentosum **Column II** 1. X-chromosome insufficiency 2. DNA helicase mutations 3. Nucleotide excision repair defects 4. Extra X chromosome(s) in a male

(A)

P-1; Q-3; R-4; S-2

(B)

P-4; Q-1; R-2; S-3

(C)

P-4; Q-2; R-3; S-1

(D)

P-3; Q-2; R-4; S-1

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Molecular Biology

Q37

MSQ[2 Marks]

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) translate to generate polypeptides and the translation terminates at the UGA, UAG or UAA stop codons. The AGA codon acts as additional stop codon in the mitochondria. The longest possible polypeptide(s) that can be hypothetically translated in the cytosol and/or mitochondria, from the given full length mRNA sequence (36 nucleotides) is/are 5'-AACACCAUGACCCAUGUGGCGAGACGGUAGUUAAAA-3'

(A)

7 amino acids long in the cytosol

(B)

5 amino acids long in the mitochondria

(C)

6 amino acids long in the mitochondria

(D)

8 amino acids long in the cytosol

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Molecular Biology

Q38

MSQ[2 Marks]

The RNA sequence below depicts the part of a 330 nucleotides long mRNA and it encodes the C-terminal portion of a protein. 5'-......... AAC ACC ACG ACC CAU GUG GCG AGA CGG UAG-3' A mutation was identified in this RNA denoted as 322AU. This nucleotide change is represented by which of the following class(es) of mutation?

(A)

Missense mutation

(B)

Non-sense mutation

(C)

Transversion mutation

(D)

Silent mutation

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Molecular Biology

Q39

MSQ[2 Marks]

Which of the following is/are posttranslational modification(s) involved in epigenetic control of gene expression?

(A)

Arginine methylation

(B)

Lysine acetylation

(C)

Cytosine methylation

(D)

Cytosine deamination

Explanation

GATE→2026→Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology→Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

Q40

NAT[2 Marks]

A disease-associated allele shows X-linked recessive inheritance. If the mother is a carrier of the disease, the father is genetically normal and the child born is a son, then the probability that he is born with the disease is (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

18 Questions

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q41

MCQ[1 Mark]

The transfer function of a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller $G_{C}(s)$ is given by $G_{C}(s)=K_{C}(1+\frac{1}{\tau_{I}s})$ where $K_{C}$ is the controller gain, $\tau_{I}$ is the controller integral time constant and s is the Laplace variable. The role of the integral component of the controller is to

(A)

integrate the difference between the process and manipulated variable

(B)

integrate the difference between the set point and disturbance variable

(C)

integrate the difference between the set point and the measured variable

(D)

integrate the difference between the input and output variable

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q42

NAT[1 Mark]

You are characterizing a new enzyme isolated and purified in the laboratory. If the maximum velocity of the enzyme is $1800~\mu\text{moles L}^{-1}~\text{min}^{-1}$ and the total concentration of the enzyme in the reaction mixture is $1.5~\mu\text{M}$ then the turnover number of the enzyme is $\text{s}^{-1}$. (answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q43

NAT[1 Mark]

You have purified an enzyme using a series of chromatographic methods. It was observed that a $10~\mu\text{g mL}^{-1}$ of this purified enzyme converted 10 mM substrate per hour at $25^{\circ}\text{C}$ and pH 7. Its specific activity is $\text{IU }\mu\text{g}^{-1}$. (rounded off to three decimal places)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q44

MCQ[2 Marks]

In the open-loop process shown in the figure, the input $U(s)$, the transfer function $G_{p}(s)$ and the output $Y(s)$ are given in the Laplace domain in terms of the Laplace variable s. For this process, which of the following is true? (where M, $\tau_{p}$, $K_{P}$, are the magnitude of the input, the characteristic time and the gain for the process, respectively) $$U(s)=\frac{M}{s}, \quad G_{p}(s)=\frac{K_{p}}{\tau_{p}s+1}$$

(A)

$y(t)=K_{p}(1-e^{-t/\tau_{p}})$

(B)

$y(t)=MK_{p}(1-e^{-t/\tau_{p}})$

(C)

$y(t)=K_{p}(M-e^{-t/\tau_{p}})$

(D)

$y(t)=K_{p}(1-Me^{-t/\tau_{p}})$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q45

MCQ[2 Marks]

By elemental analysis of a biomass sample, it was found that the cells in the given sample are composed of (by weight) C = 50%, H = 8%, O = 20%, N = 10% and ash content = 12%. Which of the following is the correct empirical formula of the ash-free cells, normalized with respect to Nitrogen?

(A)

$C_{5.8}H_{11.2}O_{1.7}N$

(B)

$C_{5.0}H_{10.2}O_{1.1}N$

(C)

$C_{6.8}H_{12.2}O_{2.1}N$

(D)

$C_{4.8}H_{9.2}O_{3.1}N$

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q46

MSQ[2 Marks]

A microbial culture is being grown in a bioreactor with continuous aeration. The dissolved oxygen probe provided with the system shows a reading of zero. In this context, which of the following inferences is/are correct?

(A)

The culture has died due to absence of oxygen

(B)

The culture has run out of carbon source

(C)

The culture growth becomes oxygen limited

(D)

The culture growth is independent of dissolved oxygen

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q47

MSQ[2 Marks]

For a Newtonian fluid, a plot of shear stress (on Y axis) against shear rate (on X axis) will result in a straight line

(A)

parallel to the X axis

(B)

parallel to the Y axis

(C)

with a negative slope

(D)

with a positive slope

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q48

MSQ[2 Marks]

In an aerobic fermentation with air sparging, which of the following options can be used to increase the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for oxygen transfer?

(A)

Using pure oxygen in place of air

(B)

Increasing the volumetric flow rate of air

(C)

Reducing the bubble diameter

(D)

Decreasing the agitation rate

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q49

MSQ[2 Marks]

For a liquid flowing in a circular cross section pipe, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow will NOT depend on which of the following factor(s)?

(A)

The diameter of the pipe

(B)

The length of the pipe

(C)

The linear velocity of the liquid

(D)

The viscosity of the liquid

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q50

MSQ[2 Marks]

For an ideal plug flow reactor, which of the following statements is/are true?

(A)

It can be approximated by a large number of ideal continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series

(B)

It has significant back mixing

(C)

It has significant axial mixing

(D)

It has a uniform velocity profile across any cross section

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q51

NAT[2 Marks]

A heat exchanger during operation in a bioprocess has a steady temperature of $90^{\circ}\text{C}$. After completion of its operation, it was shut down and it was observed that the rate of decrease of temperature at any time was directly proportional to the difference $T(t)-30^{\circ}\text{C}$, where $T(t)$ denotes temperature at time t. It was observed that it took 30 min for the temperature to drop to $70^{\circ}\text{C}$. The temperature after 51.5 min will be $^{\circ}\text{C}$. (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q52

NAT[2 Marks]

A microbial culture (following Monod model for growth) has a maximum specific growth rate of $0.1\text{ h}^{-1}$, Monod constant of $1\text{ mg L}^{-1}$ and endogenous decay rate of $0.1\text{ day}^{-1}$. At limiting substrate concentration of $23\text{ g L}^{-1}$, the net specific growth rate will be $\text{day}^{-1}$. (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q53

NAT[2 Marks]

A CSTR with a volume of $100\text{ m}^{3}$ is operated in cell recycle mode. At a volumetric flow rate of $10\text{ m}^{3}\text{day}^{-1}$ and effluent biomass of $20\text{ mg L}^{-1}$, the steady state biomass concentration is $200\text{ mg L}^{-1}$. The mean cell retention time in the reactor is days. (answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q54

NAT[2 Marks]

A batch sterilizer is being operated at $121^{\circ}\text{C}$ for sterilizing a medium containing microbial cells. Assume that the thermal deactivation of cells is a first order process with a death rate constant of $0.69\text{ min}^{-1}$ at $121^{\circ}\text{C}$. If the initial concentration of microbes in the medium is $10^{10}\text{ cells m}^{-3}$, the time taken to reduce the microbial load to a final concentration of $10\text{ cells m}^{-3}$ is min. (rounded off to the nearest integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q55

NAT[2 Marks]

A substrate is consumed in a zero order reaction such that its concentration falls from $42\text{ g L}^{-1}$ to $14\text{ g L}^{-1}$ in 4 hours. The total time taken for complete utilization of substrate will be hours. (answer in integer)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q56

NAT[2 Marks]

A microbe that follows Monod growth kinetics on a limiting substrate (maximum specific growth rate of $0.5\text{ h}^{-1}$ and Monod constant of $0.1\text{ mg L}^{-1}$ is cultivated in a continuous reactor for microbial growth (chemostat) with sterile feed. Given that the chemostat volume is 5 L and inlet concentration of limiting substrate is $10\text{ g L}^{-1}$, the minimum inlet feed flow rate for chemostat washout is $\text{h}^{-1}$. (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Bioreaction Engineering

Q57

NAT[2 Marks]

It is desired to cultivate 150 mg (dry weight) microbial cells with an empirical formula of $C_{5}H_{7}O_{2}N$. If the phosphorus requirement for the cells is 20% of the nitrogen requirement (on a weight/weight basis), the minimum amount of phosphorous required to be added to the cultivation medium is mg. (rounded off to one decimal place)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Fundamentals of Biological Engineering→Upstream and Downstream Processing

Q58

NAT[2 Marks]

A packed bed bioreactor with length 1 m and inside diameter 10 cm has liquid flowing at an interstitial velocity of $1~\text{cm s}^{-1}$. Given a volumetric flow rate of $0.025~\text{L s}^{-1}$, the void fraction of the packed bed is (rounded off to two decimal places)

Explanation

Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

3 Questions

GATE→2026→Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology→Animal Biotechnology

Q59

MCQ[1 Mark]

For monoclonal antibody production, hypoxanthine

(A)

allows DNA synthesis in the absence of de novo dTMP synthesis

(B)

allows purine synthesis in cells containing HGPRT

(C)

induces cell fusion

(D)

prevents de novo nucleotide synthesis

Explanation

GATE→2026→Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology→Microbial Biotechnology

Q60

MCQ[1 Mark]

The correct sequence of the four steps involved in anaerobic production of biogas from complex organics is:

(A)

Hydrolysis $\rightarrow$ Acidogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acetogenesis $\rightarrow$ Methanogenesis

(B)

Methanogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acetogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acidogenesis $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis

(C)

Acidogenesis $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis $\rightarrow$ Methanogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acetogenesis

(D)

Hydrolysis $\rightarrow$ Methanogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acidogenesis $\rightarrow$ Acetogenesis

Explanation

GATE→2026→Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology→Animal Biotechnology

Q61

NAT[2 Marks]

In the process of generating a clonal mammalian cell line, a single cell was seeded in a well of a cell culture plate. After the first 48 hours, one of the progeny cells underwent apoptosis due to a new mutation. If the doubling time of the cells is 24 hours and no more cell death occurs, the total number of cells after a total of 7 days from seeding will be (answer in integer)

Explanation

Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

4 Questions

GATE→2026→Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology→Analytical Tools

Q62

MCQ[1 Mark]

Cancer cells display a high level of heterogeneity in the expression of TP53 protein. Which of the following techniques can be directly used to determine the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of TP53 expression in a given tumor sample, without resorting to additional cell separation techniques?

(A)

Immunoblotting

(B)

Flow cytometry

(C)

ELISA

(D)

Quantitative RT-PCR

Explanation

GATE→2026→Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology→Analytical Tools

Q63

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which one of the following proteins would elute third in gel filtration chromatography from a mixture of four proteins given below?

(A)

Insulin (6 kDa)

(B)

Myoglobin (17 kDa)

(C)

Thrombin (37 kDa)

(D)

Albumin (66 kDa)

Explanation

GATE→2026→Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology→Molecular Tools

Q64

MCQ[1 Mark]

Which component of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system is NOT of natural origin?

(A)

CAS9 protein

(B)

CRISPR repeats

(C)

PAM sequence

(D)

sgRNA

Explanation

GATE→2026→Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology→Computational Tools

Q65

MSQ[1 Mark]

BLAST and its extensions can be used to determine similarity of a query protein sequence with which of the following database(s)?

(A)

A database of translated nucleotide sequences

(B)

A database of binding ligands and small translated peptides

(C)

A database of protein structures

(D)

A database of binding, linking and self-assembling proteins

Explanation